Antenna Fundamentals for Legacy Mobile Applications and Beyond (eBook)

Jonathan Rodriguez received his Master’s degree in Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Ph.D from the University of Surrey (UK), in 1998 and 2004 respectively. In 2005, he became a researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicacoes (IT) - Portugal where he was a member of the Wireless Communications Scientific Area. In 2008, he became a Senior Researcher where he established the 4TELL Research Group (http://www.av.it.pt/4TELL/) targeting next generation mobile networks with key interests on green communications, cooperation, and electronic circuit design. He has served as project coordinator for major international research projects that includes Eureka LOOP and FP7 C2POWER, whilst serving as technical manager for FP7 COGEU and FP7 SALUS. Since 2009, he became an Invited Assistant Professor at the University of Aveiro (Portugal), and Associate in 2015. He is author of more than 300 scientific works, that includes 6 book editorials. His professional affiliations include: Senior Member of the IEEE and Chartered Engineer (CEng) since 2013, and Fellow of the IET (2015).Raed A. Abd-Alhameed is Professor of Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Engineering at the University of Bradford, UK. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Basrah University, in 1982 and 1985 respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Bradford, UK, in 1997, all in electrical engineering. He has long years' research experience over 25 years in the areas of Radio Frequency, antennas and electromagnetic computational techniques, and has published over 500 academic journal and conference papers; in addition he is co-author of three books and several book chapters. He is the senior academic responsible for electromagnetics research in the communications research group, in which a new antenna design configurations and computational techniques have been developed including several patents were considered and filed. Jointly with Prof. Excell (now he is the Dean of Engineering School in Wrexham University), he has developed the principle of the 'hybrid' method for electromagnetic field computation, which is able to combine the most appropriate method for differing regions of a problem (e.g. the human head and a mobile telephone). This method is recognized as being a leading area of research in Bioelectromagnetic field computation. He also investigates the reduction of the size of antennas for personal mobile communications. The development of this kind of antenna is under active investigation (three patent applications submitted). He has also developed the mathematical tools needed for the simulation of non-linear circuits, including energy-storing devices. Moreover, He has written three different programs for electromagnetic scattering problems (Wire Antenna design; Dielectrically-loaded antennas and Microstrip Wire antennas) and one code for analysis of nonlinear circuits using Volterra series. Interest has been shown by publishing houses in finding ways of disseminating this work.Issa Elfergani received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronic from The High and Intermediate Centre for Comprehensive Professional (Libya) in 2002 and his MSc, and PhD in Electrical Engineering with Power Electronics (EEPE) from University of Bradford (UK) in 2008 and 2012, with a specialization in Tunable Antenna design for mobile handset and UWB applications as well as Tunable Filters. He is now a Senior Researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações - Aveiro (Portugal), working with European research funded projects. He is a TPC member and reviewer for APACE, ISWTA and IEEE international conferences. He is the author of several journal and conference publications. His research interests include Tunable filter design and tunable antennas for current and beyond3G systems with specific emphasis on efficiency, high-Q factor, and miniature.Abubakar Sadiq Hussaini received his Diploma in Electrical/Electronic Engineering from the Bayero University (Nigeria) in 2003 with a specialization in Microwave/RF power amplifiers design and Tunable Filters. He carried out his MSc in Radio Frequency Communication Engineering and his PhD in Telecommunications Engineering from University of Bradford in 2007 and 2012, respectively. He is a member of the IEEE, IET, Optical Society of America; and authors of over 50 scientific works on electronic devices. His research interests include RF design, MEMS Tunable Filters and antennas.

Preface 5
Acknowledgments 11
Contents 12
About the Editors 14
Part I: Evolution of the Mobile Antenna: 3G, 4G and Beyond 17
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Antenna Design, Technologies and Applications 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Multi-Band Antennas 19
1.2.1 Multi-Band Antenna Concept, Requirements and Techniques 20
1.3 Wideband Antennas 22
1.3.1 Wideband Antenna Design, Requirement and Challenges for Mobile Applications 22
1.3.2 Wideband Antenna Techniques 23
1.3.3 Ultra-Wideband Antenna Requirements and Classifications 25
1.3.4 Methodology to Join Mobile Services and UWB Services Antenna for Mobile Application 26
1.3.5 Notch Techniques for UWB Antenna 29
1.4 MIMO Antenna 32
1.4.1 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Technology 32
1.4.2 MIMO Antenna Concept, Requirements and Challenges 33
1.4.3 Decoupling Techniques for Compact MIMO Antennas 34
1.5 Balanced Antennas 37
1.5.1 Balanced Antenna Concept, Requirements and Challenges 37
1.6 mm-wave Antenna 40
1.6.1 Millimetre-Wave Technology and Operation 41
1.6.2 Millimetre-Wave Antenna Requirements, Challenges and Solutions as Potential Candidate for 5G-Enabled Applications 42
1.7 Summary 45
References 46
Part II: Multi-Band Antennas 52
Chapter 2: Dual-Band Planar Inverted F-L Antenna Structure for Bluetooth and ZigBee Applications 53
2.1 Introduction 53
2.2 Antenna Design Structure and Procedures 54
2.3 Parametric Analysis 56
2.3.1 The Influence of the F-Shaped Radiator Length (L1) 57
2.3.2 The Influence of the L-Shaped Radiator Length (L2) 57
2.3.3 The Influence of the F-Shaped Radiator Height (h1) 58
2.3.4 The Influence of the L-Shaped Radiator Height (h2) 59
2.4 Results and Discussion 59
2.5 Conclusion 65
References 65
Chapter 3: Double-Monopole Crescent-Shaped Antennas with High Isolation for WLAN and WIMAX Applications 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Techniques of Coupling Reduction 68
3.2.1 Reduction of the Coupling Due to the Current in the Ground Plane 69
3.2.2 Placing of Conducting Structures Between the Two Antennas 69
3.2.3 Neutralization of the Coupled Signal 69
3.2.4 Using Combined Techniques 70
3.3 Antenna Design 70
3.3.1 Effects of Slots Parameters on the Performance 72
3.3.2 Reflection Coefficient and Isolation 75
3.3.3 The Envelope Correlation Coefficients 77
3.3.4 Current Distribution at the Antennas 77
3.4 Comparison with Published Works 79
3.5 Experimental Validations 79
3.6 Conclusions 81
References 82
Chapter 4: Electrically Small Planar Antennas Based on Metamaterial 85
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Small Antenna Limitations 86
4.3 Fundamentals of Metamaterials 86
4.3.1 Physical Properties 86
4.3.2 Theoretical Aspects 88
4.3.3 CRLH-TL Resonator 89
4.4 Monopole Antenna Loaded with SRR 91
4.4.1 Introduction 91
4.4.2 Unit Cell Design 91
4.5 Antenna Design 93
4.6 Metamaterial-Inspired Antenna 96
4.6.1 Antenna Design 97
4.6.2 Results and Discussion 98
4.7 Antenna Loaded with CRLH 100
4.7.1 Antenna Design 101
4.8 Moon Shaped Antenna with Defected Ground and EBG 105
4.8.1 Antenna Design 105
4.9 Summary 110
References 110
Part III: Wide-Band Antennas 113
Chapter 5: Impact of Microstrip-Line Defected Ground Plane on Aperture-Coupled Asymmetric DRA for Ultra-Wideband Applications 114
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 History of Dielectric Resonator Antenna 115
5.3 Proposed Antenna Geometry and Summarized Results 117
5.3.1 Antenna Without the DRAs 119
5.3.2 Antenna with Two DRAs 121
5.4 Antenna with Various (3, 4, and 5) DRAs 122
5.5 Conclusion 127
References 128
Chapter 6: Simple and Compact Planar Ultra-Wideband Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics 132
6.1 Introduction 132
6.2 First Version: Main UWB Antenna Design and Concept 134
6.2.1 The Approaches of Improved Bandwidth 135
6.2.2 The Analysis of Ground Plan 136
6.3 Second Version: UWB Antenna Design with Single Notched Band 137
6.3.1 Results Analysis for Single Band-Notched Design 137
6.4 Third Version: UWB Antenna Design with Dual Band-Notched 141
6.4.1 Analysis of Dual Band-Notched Design 142
6.5 Conclusion 144
References 146
Chapter 7: Miniaturized Monopole Wideband Antenna with Tunable Notch for WLAN/WiMAX Applications 148
7.1 Introduction 148
7.1.1 Techniques to Enhance the Monopole Antenna Bandwidth 149
7.1.2 Techniques to Mitigate Interference in UWB Systems 149
7.1.3 Tuning the Created Reject Bands 150
7.2 Comparison with Previous Work 150
7.3 Antenna Design Structure and Procedure 152
7.3.1 Methods to Improve the Bandwidth of the Proposed Monopole Antenna 153
7.3.2 Avenue to Create the Rejected Band of the Proposed Monopole Antenna 154
7.4 Current Surface of the Unloaded Printed Monopole Antenna 154
7.5 Tuning Methods for the Rejected Bands 156
7.6 Continuous Tuning 156
7.6.1 Discrete Tuning 157
7.7 Parametric Studies 157
7.8 Influence of the Ground Plane Size 158
7.8.1 Effect of the Feed Line Position 158
7.9 Effect of the Varactor Location Between the Two Shapes 158
7.10 Simulation and Measurement Results 161
7.11 Conclusion 166
References 166
Part IV: MIMO Antennas 169
Chapter 8: Miniature EBG Two U-Shaped Slot PIFA MIMO Antennas for WLAN Applications 170
8.1 Introduction 170
8.2 Uniplanar Compact Electromagnetic Band Gap (UC-EBG) 171
8.3 Design Concept Based on Sievenpiper’s Equations 172
8.4 EBG Characterization Results 173
8.4.1 Reflection Phase 173
8.4.2 Suspended Microstrip Line 173
8.5 MIMO Antenna Parameters 174
8.5.1 Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) 175
8.5.2 Correlation Coefficient 175
8.5.3 Capacity Loss 176
8.5.4 Channel Capacity 176
8.6 Antenna Design and Consideration 177
8.6.1 Results and Discussions 178
8.7 Conclusion 182
References 182
Chapter 9: Compact MIMO Antenna Array Design for Wireless Applications 184
9.1 Introduction 184
9.2 Antenna Configuration, Underlying Mechanism and Feeding Structure 186
9.2.1 Antenna Geometry and Configuration 186
9.2.2 Antenna Feeding Considerations 188
9.2.3 Antenna Design and Bandwidth Requirements 190
9.3 Tests of Physical Implementation 193
9.3.1 Return Loss and Impedance Bandwidth 194
9.3.2 Orthogonal Configuration of Elements 195
9.3.3 Radiation Patterns 196
9.3.4 Current Distributions 199
9.3.5 MIMO Diversity and Correlation Coefficient 199
9.4 Conclusions 200
References 201
Chapter 10: Compact Wideband Printed MIMO/Diversity Monopole Antenna for GSM/UMTS and LTE Applications 202
10.1 Introduction 202
10.1.1 Narrow Band MIMO Antennas with Reduced Mutual Coupling 203
10.1.2 Wide Band MIMO Antennas with Reduced Mutual Coupling 204
10.1.3 Dual-/Triple-Band MIMO Antennas with Reduced Mutual Coupling 204
10.2 Antenna Design Concept and Structure 206
10.2.1 The Optimization of I-Shaped Decoupling Network 207
10.3 Validation of Measured and Simulation Results 211
10.4 The Performance of the Proposed Antenna with the Hand and Head Models 215
10.5 Conclusion 218
References 218
Part V: Balanced Antennas 221
Chapter 11: Compact Wideband Balanced Antenna Structure for 3G Mobile Handsets 222
11.1 Introduction on Balanced Antennas for Mobile Handsets 222
11.2 Folded Loop Antenna with a Single-Band Operation 224
11.2.1 Folded Loop Antenna Design and Optimisation Using Genetic Algorithm 224
11.2.2 Wide Bandwidth Planar Balun Design and Validation 226
11.2.3 Measurement Validation 228
11.3 Wideband Balanced-Fed Folded Arm Dipole Antenna Designs 231
11.3.1 Folded Dipole for Wideband Design 231
11.3.2 Folded Dipole with Wideband Dual-Arm Design 232
11.3.3 Compact Folded Arm Dipole Antenna with Wideband Dual-Arm Design 234
11.4 Summary 235
References 237
Chapter 12: Coplanar-Fed Miniaturized Folded Loop Balanced Antenna for WLAN Applications 239
12.1 Introduction 239
12.2 Theory of the Shielded Balanced Loop 240
12.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna 240
12.4 Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) Antennas 241
12.5 Antenna Structure 242
12.6 Effect of Variation of Parameters on Return Loss 244
12.6.1 Variation of the Antenna Height h 244
12.6.2 Variation of the Length of the Antenna b 244
12.6.3 Variation of the Gap Between the Folded Ends of the Antenna t 245
12.6.4 The Effect of the Ground Plane Size 245
12.7 Antenna Prototype and Measured Results 246
12.8 The Radiation Pattern and Power Gain of the Antenna 248
12.9 Conclusions 250
References 252
Chapter 13: Performance of Dual-Band Balanced Antenna Structure for LTE Applications 253
13.1 Introduction 253
13.2 Antenna Design and Concept 255
13.2.1 The Effect of the Slot Over the Folded Arms 256
13.3 Antenna Simulated Results 257
13.3.1 Simulated Reflection Coefficient of the Proposed Antenna 257
13.3.2 Parametric Analysis of the Proposed Antenna 259
13.3.3 The Effect of the Handheld on the Simulated Proposed Antenna 260
13.4 Measured Results of the Proposed Antenna 263
13.4.1 The Methods to Measure the Input Impedance of Balanced Antenna 263
13.4.2 The Effect of the Handheld on the Fabricated Proposed Antenna 264
13.4.3 Measured Power Gain and Efficiency in Free Space and Handheld Scenarios 266
13.4.4 Measured and Simulated Far Fields of the Proposed Antenna 267
13.5 Conclusion 268
References 269
Part VI: mmWave Antennas for 5G 271
Chapter 14: Millimeter-Wave Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna 272
14.1 Introduction 272
14.2 Dielectric Lens for Millimeter-Wave Applications 274
14.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna for 60 GHz Applications 274
14.3.1 Dielectric Lens Integration with MPA 275
14.3.2 Element MPA Array with Extended Hemispherical Teflon Lenses 281
14.4 Conclusion 287
References 289
Chapter 15: Wide-Angle Beam Scanning Antenna at 79 GHz for Short-Range Automotive Radar Applications 290
15.1 Introduction 290
15.2 PLPDA Configuration for 79 GHz Operation 291
15.3 PLPDA Integration with Luneburg Lens 293
15.4 Integration of Three PLPDA Feeds with Luneburg Lens 297
15.5 Integration of 17-Element PLPDA Array with Luneburg Lens 299
15.6 Antenna Fabrication and Measurements 303
15.7 Conclusion 308
References 310
Chapter 16: Terahertz Communications for 5G and Beyond 311
16.1 Terahertz Waves 311
16.2 Applications of Terahertz 313
16.2.1 Terahertz Spectroscopy 313
16.2.2 Terahertz Imaging 314
16.2.3 Terahertz Sensors 315
16.3 Terahertz Biosensors 319
16.4 Terahertz Antenna 321
16.5 Conclusion 326
References 326
Index 329