Nanocomposites for Visible Light-induced Photocatalysis (eBook)

Dr. Mohammad Mansoob Khan is a Professor (Senior Assistant) at Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. He earned his PhD from Aligarh Muslim University, India in 2002. Afterwards he has worked as researcher, lecturer and Professor at different universities in India, Ethiopia, Oman, and South Korea. Since 2015 he is working as a Professor (Senior Assistant) at Universiti Brunei Darussalam. His main research interests are in the field of nanosciences, nanotechnology and nanomaterials, especially green syntheses of metal nanoparticles, inorganic nanohybrid and nanocomposite materials for Energy and Environment applications such as catalysis, photocatalysis, optoelectronic devices, hydrogen production and sensing.Dr. Debabrata Pradhan has a position as Associate Professor at the Materials Science Center of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. He received a PhD in Chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai in 2003. After postdoctoral research in Taiwan (Tamkang University) and Canada (Univ. of Waterloo) he joined the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur in 2010, first as Assistant Professor, and since 2015 as Associate Professor. His research interests are in nanotechnology, especially the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanomaterials including metallic and semiconducting nanostructures and their structure-property correlations.Dr. Youngku Sohn is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Chungnam National University in South Korea. He received his PhD from the University of British Columbia in Canada in 2004. Afterwards he spent some time as postdoctoral researcher at the same university, before moving to the University of Texas in Austin (USA) in 2005 and then to the University of Waterloo, Canada in 2007. From 2008 to 2017 he held a faculty position at Yeungam University. Since 2017 he has a position as Associate Professor at Chungnam National University with broad research interests in Physical Chemistry, Spectroscopy, Surface Chemistry, Catalysis, Energy and Environments. 

Preface 6
Contents 9
1 Introduction of Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis 11
Abstract 11
Introduction 12
Why Materials Such as Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites, Etc. Need to Be Developed for the Visible Light-Induced Photocatalysis? 15
Cation-Doped Semiconductor Photocatalyst 16
Anion-Doped Semiconductor Photocatalyst 17
Codoping Semiconductor 18
Self-Doping/Defect Engineering 18
Composite Material 19
Summary 22
References 22
2 Basic Principles, Mechanism, and Challenges of Photocatalysis 28
Abstract 28
Introduction 28
Main Source of Water Pollution 29
Wastewater Treatment Methods 31
Discovery of Photocatalysis 33
Definition of Photocatalysis 34
Photocatalytic Mechanism 35
Description of Oxidation Mechanism 36
Description of Reduction Mechanism 37
Operating and Affecting Parameters of Photocatalysis 38
Crystal Structure, Shape, Size, and Surface Area of Catalyst 38
Effect of Reaction Temperature 38
Effect of pH 39
Effect of Light Intensity 39
Effect of Amount of Catalyst 40
Concentration of Pollutants in Wastewater 40
Major Advantages of Photocatalysis 41
Limitations of Photocatalysis 41
Semiconductor Photocatalyst and Its Challenges 41
Methods of Improving Photocatalytic Activity 43
Composite System 43
Metal Ion Dopants 44
Nonmetal Doping 44
Dye Sensitization 45
Summary 45
References 45
3 Nanocomposites and Its Importance in Photocatalysis 50
Abstract 50
Introduction 50
Semiconducting Nanocomposites as Efficient Photocatalysts 51
Nanocomposites Photocatalysts for Organic Transformation 58
Oxidation of Primary Benzylamines (C–N Bond Formation) 62
C–N Bond Formation Reactions: Photocatalytic Synthesis of Benzimidazole 69
Summary 70
References 71
4 Role of Metal Nanoparticles and Its Surface Plasmon Activity on Nanocomposites for Visible Light-Induced Catalysis 77
Abstract 77
Introduction 78
Fundamentals of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 80
Fabrication Processes of Plasmonic Photocatalysts 82
Catalytic Applications of Plasmonic Catalysts in Presence of Visible Light 88
Summary 108
References 108
5 Mixed Metal Oxides Nanocomposites for Visible Light Induced Photocatalysis 114
Abstract 114
Introduction 114
Major Technological Challenges and Chances for Photocatalyst 116
Synthesis of Mixed Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 118
Sol-Gel Method 118
Hydrothermal Method 119
Precipitation Method 120
Spray Pyrolysis Techniques 120
Photocatalytic Applications of Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 122
Conclusion 133
References 133
6 Nanoporous Nanocomposite Materials for Photocatalysis 135
Abstract 135
Introduction 135
Fabrication of Nanoporous Nanocomposite Materials 138
Template Method 138
Hard Template Method 139
Soft Template Method 142
Self-assembly 146
Hydrothermal Method 149
Solvothermal Method 153
Deposition Method 156
Anodization Method 159
Zeolite-Based Photocatalysts 163
MOF-Based Photocatalysts 166
Summary and Outlook 169
References 172
7 Polymeric Nanocomposites for Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalysis 181
Abstract 181
Semiconductor Photocatalysis 181
Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation 182
Recombination of Electron–Hole 184
Visible Light Photocatalysis 186
Polymer-Supported Photocatalysis 188
Polymer Support 188
TiO2-Polythene (PE) Photocatalyst 189
TiO2-Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Photocatalyst 190
TiO2-Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) Photocatalyst 192
TiO2-Polyaniline (PANI) Photocatalyst 193
TiO2-Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Photocatalyst 196
Polymer-Supported Buoyant Photocatalysis 197
Introduction 197
Polypropylene (PP) 198
Conclusion 201
References 201
8 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Visible Light-Induced Photocatalysis 208
Abstract 208
Introduction 208
Graphene-Based Semiconductor Nanocomposites as a Visible Light Active Photocatalyst 210
Photocatalytic Application of G-C3N4/Semiconductor (CNS) Nanocomposites 229
[60]-Fullerene—Photocatalyst Nanocomposites 234
CNT—Photocatalysts Nanocomposites 237
Carbon Quantum Dots—Photocatalysts Nanocomposites 245
References 247
9 Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Carbonaceous ?-conjugated/Polymeric Materials Towards Visible Light-Induced Photocatalysts 255
Abstract 255
Introduction 256
A Brief Account of Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A ?-conjugated Organic Polymer 258
An Insight into the Properties of Carbonaceous ?-conjugated/Polymeric Materials 259
A Brief Sketch on the Mechanism of Photocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Carboneous ?-conjugated/Polymeric Materials 260
Principle of Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 261
Principle of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 261
Mechanism of NO (Nitric Oxide) Removal 263
Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction 264
Mechanism of CO2 Reduction 266
An In-depth Study of Various Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Carbonaceous ?-conjugated/Polymeric Materials 267
Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Graphene 267
Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 272
Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Fullerene 278
Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Polyaniline (PANI) 282
Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Polypyrrole (Ppy) 286
Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Polyacrylonitrile (g-PAN) 289
Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with Poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) 291
Nanocomposites of g-C3N4 with 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) 294
Summary 295
References 296
10 Titanium-Based Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Visible Light-Induced Photocatalysis 299
Abstract 299
Introduction 300
Titanium-Based Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 301
S Block Mixed Metal Oxide Titanate Nanocomposites 304
P Block Mixed Metal Oxide Titanate Nanocomposites 312
D Block Mixed Metal Oxide Titanate Nanocomposites 316
F Block Mixed Metal Oxide Titanate Nanocomposites 321
Factors Affecting the Photoactivity of the Mixed Metal Oxides Nanocomposites 325
Other Mixed Metal Oxides Nanocomposites and Their Photocatalytic Performances 328
Summary 330
References 331
11 Novel Applications and Future Perspectives of Nanocomposites 336
Abstract 336
The Most Frequently Applied Photocatalysts and Their Composites. Overview of the Current Hot Topics 337
Cobalt Oxide-Based Composites. Cobalt Containing Materials and Their Composites as Unconventional Materials for Different Applications 339
Nickel Containing Materials. Current and Future Perspectives 340
Palladium in Photocatalytic and Other Composite Materials. Elemental Palladium and Potential New Materials/Composites 341
Platinum, the Elite Cocatalyst in Photocatalysis. More Rarely Discussed Composites of Pt 341
ZrO2, the Ceramic Photocatalyst and Its Composites. Other Zr-Based Nanomaterials and Composites 342
Hafnium—The Non-photocatalytic Material. A Knowledge Void in Photocatalysis 343
Extra Expensive Materials—Rh-Based Photocatalytic Materials 343
Iridium-Based Nanocomposites. Complexes and Complex Composites for Different Applications 344
Iron and Iron-Oxide-Based Materials—Large Application Spectrum Composites 345
Ruthenium-Based Nanomaterials. A One-Sided Composite Component 350
Mn-Based Composites and Composite Components in Various Applications 352
Rhenium—Rare Material Composite 353
Zn Containing Materials. Composites with ZnO—The Shape Tailored, UV Active Material, with a Vast Application Spectrum 353
Composites with ZnS—A More Uncommon Zn-Based Semiconductor with Interesting Applications in Photocatalysis and Other Areas as Well 355
Chromium-Based Materials. Oxides as Composite Components 357
Molybdenum-Based Nanomaterials. MoO2—Applicability in Composites, Application Outlook 358
MoS2—Applicability in Composites, Application Outlook 359
W-Based Semiconductors Are a Large Family of Semiconductors for Diverse Composites with High Degree of Applicability. WO3 Is the Multitasking Semiconductor 360
Bi2WO6—A Special Mixed Oxide in Composites 362
WS2—Properties in Composite Materials 363
Cd-Based Nanomaterials. Special Case of CdS and Its Composites 364
Sb-Based Materials, Sb2S3—A Sparsely Investigated Semiconductor Photocatalyst 366
Bismuth Containing Composites—Bi2O3 368
Bismuth Containing Composites—BiVO4 369
Bismuth Containing Composites—BiOX 371
V, Nb, Ta Containing Materials as Composite Components 374
B, Al, Ga, In, Tl Containing Materials as Composite Components 377
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb-Based Materials and Their Composites 380
O, S, Se in Photocatalytic Materials and Other Composites 386
Conclusions and Final Remarks 386
References 387
Index 402