Nanotechnology (eBook)

Dr. Ram Prasad is Assistant Professor at the Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India. His research interest includes plant-microbe-interactions, sustainable agriculture and microbial nanobiotechnology. Dr. Prasad has more than hundred publications to his credit, including research papers & book chapters and five patents issued or pending, and edited or authored several books. Dr. Prasad has eleven years of teaching experience and he has been awarded the Young Scientist Award (2007) and Prof. J.S. Datta Munshi Gold Medal (2009) by the International Society for Ecological Communications; FSAB fellowship (2010) by the Society for Applied Biotechnology; Outstanding Scientist Award (2015) in the field of Microbiology by Venus International Foundation; and the American Cancer Society UICC International Fellowship for Beginning Investigators (USA, 2014). In 2014-2015, Dr. Prasad served as Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University, USA.Dr. Manoj Kumar is a scientist with sanguine behavior who is adoring about research and development, with a commitment to lifelong learning. He is determined on high quality science that contributes broadly to both increasing intellectual knowledge of plant development and to increasing the ecological niche. He has a high level of professional desire and intellectual hunt, and the potential to fulfil the dream of his high impact publications and the future recognition of these by academic peers. Dr. Kumar has pursued his PhD in Plant Biotechnology from prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru University and then awarded two postdoctoral fellowships consecutively: i) DBT-PDF from IISc Bangalore in 2005 and then NRF-PDF from University of Pretoria. Dr. Manoj Kumar is a researcher of Plant Biotechnology in the Division of Microbial Technology at the Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India. He referees for many more, including Phytoremediation, Journal of Soil Sediments and many more. Dr. Kumar’s research is the integration of microbial genetics with a breadth of plant physiological approaches to enable novel gene discovery and conferring metabolites.Dr. Vivek Kumar is a scientist with involved in teaching, research and guidance, with a pledge to enduring knowledge. Dr. Kumar is working in the Institute of Microbial Technology at Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India. He obtained his masters and doctoral degree from CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. He is serving in Editorial board of reputed international journals viz. Environment Asia, International Journal of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Journal of Advanced Botany and Zoology, Journal of Ecobiotechnology. He is also reviewer of Journal of Hazardous Materials, Science International, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, Int. Research Journal of Plant Sciences, Int. J. Microbiology, African J Microbiology Research, Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials, Environment Science & Pollution Research, Rhizosphere. He has published 61 research papers, 19 book chapters, six review articles and two books. Dr. Kumar has also served as Microbiologist for eight years in Department of Soil and Water Research, Public Authority of Agricultural Affairs & Fish Resources, Kuwait. Dr. Kumar has organized number of conferences/workshops as convener/ organizing secretary.

Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Contributors 9
About the Editors 12
1: Production of Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Application to Food: A Review 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 Cellulose and Nanocellulose 16
1.2.1 Cellulose 16
1.2.2 Nanocellulose 16
1.3 Production of Cellulose Nanofibrils 20
1.4 Pretreatment Methods for CNFs production 23
1.4.1 Mechanical Pretreatments 23
1.4.2 Chemical Pretreatments 24
1.4.3 Enzymatic Pretreatment 26
1.5 Effects of Cellulose Sources on CNFs Production 26
1.6 Cellulose Nanofibrils Applications to Food 30
1.6.1 Food Additives 33
1.6.2 Food Packaging 34
1.6.2.1 CNFs/PE and CNFs/PP Composites 35
1.6.2.2 CNFs/PLA Composites 36
1.6.2.3 Other CNFs/Polymer Composites 36
1.6.2.4 CNFs/Ag Composites 37
1.6.3 Food Coating 38
1.7 Safety Issues of Cellulose Nanofibrils in Food Applications 38
1.8 Conclusions 39
References 40
2: Nanotechnology and Shelf-Life of Animal Foods 47
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 Food Nanotechnology 49
2.3 Nanotechnology and Shelf-Life of Animal Foods 51
2.4 Conclusions 53
References 54
3: Nanotechnology: Meat Safety Revolution 56
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Nanotechnology Application to Meat and Meat Products 58
3.3 Nanotechnology in Meat-Borne Pathogen Control and Detection 59
3.4 Nanotechnology in Meat Spoilage Control and Detection 62
3.5 Nanotechnology in the Control and Detection of Other Hazards Related to Meat 65
3.6 Nanotechnology Safety Concerns 67
3.7 Conclusions 69
References 69
4: Marine Nanofactories in Food Industry: Friend or Foe 76
4.1 Introduction 77
4.1.1 Marine Actinobacteria 78
4.2 Marine Actinobacteria Nano Factories 79
4.2.1 Nanoparticles-Green Synthesis 79
4.3 Role of Nanotechnology and Its Implications on the Food World 83
4.3.1 Packaging and Delivery of Food via “Encapsulation” 83
4.3.2 Probiotics Delivery 84
4.3.3 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles 85
4.3.4 Emulsions 85
4.4 Conclusions 86
References 87
5: Revolutionizing the Food Supply Chain in the USA: The Impact of Nanotechnology 90
5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Nanotechnology in Supply Chain Efficiency 92
5.3 The Financial Implications of Nanomaterials in the US Agri-Food Sector 93
5.4 Examples of Foods, Food Packaging, and Agriculture Products that Contain Nanomaterials 93
References 96
6: Nanotechnology Applications in Food Packaging Industry 97
6.1 Introduction 98
6.2 Nanotechnology in Packaging Industry 103
6.2.1 Food Packaging 105
6.2.2 Nanotechnology and Food Safety 106
6.2.3 Biodegradable Polymer Films for Food Packaging 108
6.2.4 Processing of Nanocomposites 109
6.3 Applications in Food Packaging 114
6.3.1 Enhanced Packaging 116
6.3.2 Active Packaging 117
6.3.3 Smart/Intelligent Packaging 117
6.3.4 Nanocoatings 118
6.4 Conclusions 118
References 121
7: Nanobiosensors, as a Next-Generation Diagnostic Device for Quality & Safety of Food and Dairy Product
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 Nanotechnology: Impact on Food and Dairy Product Quality and Safety 125
7.3 Understanding Sensor, Biosensor, and Nanobiosensor 126
7.3.1 Basic Principles of a Biosensor 126
7.3.1.1 Nanowire Biosensors 127
7.3.1.2 Ion-Channel-Based Sensing 127
7.3.1.3 Cantilever Biosensors 127
7.3.1.4 Optical Nanosensors 127
7.4 Nanoparticles in Nanobiosensor 128
7.4.1 Super-Paramagnetic Nanoparticles 128
7.4.2 Bucky Balls and Carbon Tubes 128
7.4.3 Liposomes 130
7.4.4 Nanoshells 130
7.4.5 Quantum Dots 130
7.4.6 Nanorods 131
7.5 Various Methods Used for Synthesis of Nanoparticles 131
7.5.1 Chemical Methods 131
7.5.1.1 Chemical Precipitation 131
7.5.1.2 Vapor-Phase Synthesis 131
7.5.1.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis 132
7.5.1.4 Sonochemical Technique 132
7.5.1.5 Microemulsion Technique 132
7.5.2 Physical Methods 132
7.5.2.1 Laser Ablation 132
7.5.2.2 Sputtering 133
7.5.2.3 Spray Rout Pyrolysis 133
7.5.2.4 Inert Gas Condensation 133
7.6 Applications of Nanobiosensor 133
7.6.1 Nanoparticle-Based Microfluidic Device for Detection of Food and Dairy Product Adulterant 133
7.6.2 Detection of Allergens in Food and Dairy Products 133
7.6.3 Detection of Small Organic Molecules in the Food and Dairy Product 134
7.6.4 Detection of Microorganisms in Food and Dairy Products 134
7.6.5 Detection of Gases in Food and Dairy Products 135
7.6.6 Detection of Moisture in Food and Dairy Products 136
7.7 Conclusion 136
References 137
8: Nano Molecular Imprinted Polymers (NanoMIPs) for Food Diagnostics and Sensor 139
8.1 Introduction 140
8.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) 141
8.3 Synthesis of Molecular Imprinting Polymer Nanoparticles 143
8.3.1 Template 144
8.3.2 Functional Monomers 145
8.3.3 Cross-Linkers 145
8.3.4 Solvent (Porogen) 147
8.3.5 Polymerisation Techniques 147
8.3.6 Molecular Modelling 152
8.4 Application of MIP Nanoparticles in Biosensors and Diagnostics for Food Application 153
8.5 Future Outlook and Concluding Remarks 156
References 156
9: Nanotechnology Applications in the Food Industry 160
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Nanosystems 161
9.2.1 Nanoparticles 162
9.2.2 Nanofibres 163
9.2.3 Nanotubes 163
9.2.4 Nanoclays 163
9.2.5 Nanocomposites 163
9.2.6 Nanoemulsion 164
9.2.7 Nanocapsules 164
9.2.8 Nanosensors 164
9.3 Food Processing 165
9.3.1 Efficient Nutrient Delivery with Enhanced Bioavailability 166
9.3.2 Development of Interactive and Functional Foods 166
9.3.3 Masking of Undesirable Taste and Odour 167
9.3.4 Protection of Sensitive Nutrients 167
9.3.5 Enhancement of Rheological Properties 168
9.3.6 Fortification of Food 168
9.3.7 Others 168
9.4 Food Packaging and Food Safety 168
9.4.1 Barrier Protection 169
9.4.2 Beer Bottling Improvement 169
9.4.3 Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Plastics 170
9.4.4 Antimicrobial Packaging 170
9.4.5 Smart Packaging 170
9.4.6 Enhanced Shelf Life for Fruits and Vegetables 172
9.4.7 Dirt-Repellent Coatings for Packages 172
9.4.8 Food Monitoring and Tagging 172
9.4.9 Others 172
9.5 Health Hazards and Regulatory Issues 173
9.6 Summary and Conclusions 174
References 175
10: Impact of the Nanomaterials on Soil Bacterial Biodiversity 179
10.1 Nanotechnology 180
10.2 Nanomaterials and Their Properties 180
10.3 The Many Applications of Nanoparticles 181
10.4 Nanoparticles in the Environment 181
10.5 Soil 183
10.6 Interaction of Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles with the Soils 184
10.7 Use of Nanoparticles in Agriculture 185
10.8 Ecotoxicology of Metallic NPs to Prokaryotes 186
10.9 Evaluation of NPs’ Toxicology over Soil Microbial Communities 189
References 192
11: The Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials on Crops and Soil Microorganisms 197
11.1 Introduction 198
11.2 The Mechanisms of ENMs’ Biological Toxicity 199
11.3 Effects of ENMs on Crops 201
11.3.1 The Summary of the Effects of ENMs on Plants 201
11.3.2 The Character of Bio-effects of ENMs 205
11.3.3 The Effect of ENMs on Crop Yields 206
11.3.4 The Effect of ENMs on Soil Microorganisms 206
11.4 Responses of Plant-Microorganisms to Ecological Effects of ENMs 208
11.5 Conclusions and Prospects 210
References 211
12: Advancement of Nanotechnology Applications on Plant Nutrients Management and Soil Improvement 215
12.1 Introduction 216
12.2 Definition of Nanotechnology 217
12.3 History of Nanotechnology 218
12.4 Nanotechnology on Plant Nutrient Management 218
12.5 Different Types of Nanoproducts for Plant Nutrient Management 220
12.5.1 Slow or Controlled Release Nanofertilisers 220
12.5.2 Encapsulation of Nanomaterials Through Coating Method 221
12.5.3 Encapsulation of Nanomaterials Through Loading (Entrapment) 222
12.5.4 Electrospinning of Nanofertilisers 223
12.6 Engineered Nanoparticles 224
12.6.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 224
12.6.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Seed Germination 225
12.6.3 Foliar Application of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 227
12.6.4 Uptake Mechanism of Nanomaterials 229
12.6.5 Nanosensor/Nanobiosensor on Plant Nutrient Management 231
12.7 Nanotechnology on Soil Management 232
12.8 Conclusion 235
References 235
13: Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Application in Pharmaceutical Industry 241
13.1 Introduction 242
13.2 Why Green Synthesis? 244
13.2.1 The Green Route for Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 244
13.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles: Overview and Applications 245
13.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles 247
13.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles 249
13.3.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 250
13.3.4 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 250
13.3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 251
13.4 Nanoparticles: The Real “Metal Bullets” in Clinical Medicines 251
13.5 Summary and Outlook 253
References 254
14: Nanomaterials Act as Plant Defense Mechanism 259
14.1 Introduction 260
14.2 Nanoparticles Exhibiting Plant Defense Mechanisms 261
14.2.1 Chitosan Nanoparticles 263
14.2.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles 264
14.2.3 Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Nanoparticles 265
14.2.4 Silicon Nanoparticles 266
14.2.5 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 266
14.2.6 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles 267
14.2.7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 269
14.2.8 Plant Induced Resistance 269
14.3 Conclusion 270
References 270
15: Phytoengineered Nanomaterials and Their Applications 276
15.1 Introduction 277
15.2 Nanomaterial Synthesis 277
15.2.1 Chemical Method of Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles 278
15.2.2 In Vitro Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Plant/Plant Parts 279
15.2.3 Typical Method of Preparation of Plant Extract and Synthesis of Nanoparticles 283
15.2.4 Parameters Influencing the Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Plant Extracts 284
15.2.5 Hydrothermal Process of Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Plant Extracts 288
15.2.6 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Formation in Plant Extracts 290
15.2.7 In Vitro Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Microorganisms 292
15.3 Metal Nanoparticles 294
15.3.1 Heavy Metal Nanoparticles 296
15.3.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 296
15.3.3 Sulfide Nanoparticles 298
15.3.4 Other Nanoparticles 299
15.4 Typical Method of Preparation of Nanoparticles from Microorganisms 299
15.4.1 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Formation by Microorganisms 299
15.5 In Vivo Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Plants as Bioreactors 300
15.5.1 In Vivo Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Live Plants 301
15.5.2 Mechanism of Formation of NPs in Live Plants 304
15.6 Applications 305
15.7 Conclusions 309
References 309
16: Plants and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Interface: Present Status and Future Prospects 322
16.1 Introduction 323
16.2 Properties, Synthesis, and Classification of Carbon Nanotubes 330
16.2.1 Properties 330
16.2.2 Synthesis of CNTs 330
16.2.3 Classification of Carbon Nanotubes 331
16.2.3.1 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 332
16.2.3.2 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes 332
16.3 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 332
16.3.1 Uptake and Transportation of Carbon Nanotubes in Plants 333
16.3.2 Cellular Uptake of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 334
16.3.3 Cellular Uptake of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes 335
16.3.4 Beneficial Impact of Carbon Nanotubes in Plants 336
16.4 Inimical or No Significant Impact of Carbon Nanotubes in Plants 337
16.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 338
References 339
Index 346