Seawater Intrusion in the Coastal Alluvial Aquifers of the Mahanadi Delta (eBook)

Dr. Prakash Chandra Naik is an Indian School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, India alumnus. He was awarded a PhD at Utkal University for his work on groundwater in the coastal saline environment. As a student at ISM, he worked on the dam foundation rock problem of the Hasdeo - Bango Dam site, Chhattisgarh. As a CSIR fellow, he worked on structural analysis of the Chitradurga Schist Belt, Karnataka. In total, he has more than 20 years of experience in the study of the saline-fresh relationship of groundwater in the saline coastal tract of Mahanadi Delta. In addition, he has worked as a groundwater expert in Hydrology Project funded by the World Bank and has played a crucial role for in the collection, standardization, processing, storage, and dissemination of groundwater data in India; he has developed software for the processing of high frequency time series data. He was also a member of the technical team for the establishment of Hydrological Information System (HIS) in India and is the principal contributor of the popular groundwater software GWDES. Currently, he is associated with the planning, monitoring, and design of drinking water supply projects in Odisha.

1. Introduction.1.1 General1.2 Location of the Study Area1.3 Climate and Rainfall1.4 Drainage1.5 Previous Work1.6 Present Work2. General Geology2.1 Introduction2.2 Mahanadi Delta2.2.1 Geology2.2.2 Environment of Deposits2.2.3 Geomorphology2.2.4 Land-Use2.2.5 Soil2.2.6 Evolutionary History2.3 Study Area2.3.1 Geomorphology, Land-Use and Soil2.3.2 Geology and Stratigraphy3. Hydro-Geomorphology3.1 Introduction3.2 Geomorphic Regions3.2.1 Upper and Lower Deltaic Plains3.2.2 Older and Younger Coastal Plains3.3 Geomorphic Landforms3.3.1 Beach3.3.2 Beach Ridges3.3.3 Swale3.3.4 Beach Ridges and Swales Complex3.3.5 Palaeo-Channel3.3.6 Buried Channel3.3.7 Back Swamp3.3.8 Channel Bar3.3.9 Channel Island3.3.10 Migrated River Course3.3.11 Natural Levee3.4 Conclusion4. Borehole Geophysics4.1 Introduction4.2 Resistivity Logging4.3 Spontaneous Potential Logging4.4 Analysis Procedure4.5 Correlation of Resistivity and Water Quality4.6 Geophysical Logging in the Area4.7 Depth Slicing4.8 Conclusion5. Hydrogeology5.1 Introduction5.2 Salt Water - Fresh Water Relationship5.3 Lithology5.4 Hydraulic Properties of the Aquifers5.5 Panel Diagram5.6 Classification of Aquifer Systems5.6.1 Shallow Aquifer System5.6.2 Deep Aquifers5.7 Water Levels5.7.1 Long-Term Trend5.7.2 High Frequency Water Levels5.7.3 Spectral Analysis5.8 Well Design Aspects5.9 Summary6. Water Quality6.1 Introduction6.2 Sample Collection6.3 Chemical Analysis6.3.1 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)6.3.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)6.3.3 Total Dissolve Solids (TDS)6.3.4 Total Hardness6.3.5 Turbidity6.3.6 Total Alkalinity6.3.7 Carbonate and Bicarbonate6.3.8 Chloride6.3.9 Sulphate6.3.10 Nitrate6.3.11 Fluoride6.3.12 Calcium6.3.13 Magnesium6.3.14 Sodium6.3.15 Potassium6.3.16 Iron6.4 Long-Term Trend6.5 Statistics6.5.1 Mean, Median and Mode6.5.2 Skewness and Kurtosis6.6 Inter-Parameter Relationship7. Hydro-Geochemical Evaluation7.1 Introduction7.2 Water Characterisation7.2.1 Collin's Bar Diagram7.2.2 Stiff's Pattern Diagram7.2.3 Piper Diagram7.2.4 Durov Diagram7.3 Quality for Drinking Water7.3.1 Drinking Water Quality Standard7.3.2 Comparison of Analysis Results7.3.3 Identification of Potable Water Zones7.4 Quality for Irrigation7.4.1 Chloride and Sulphate7.4.2 U.S. Salinity Diagram7.4.3 Wilcox Diagram7.5 Conclusion8. Summary and Conclusion9. References10. Index