Building Performance Evaluation (eBook)

Foreword 6
Why Building Performance Evaluation Matters 6
References 8
Sec1 6
Preface 10
Sec3 10
Acknowledgements 12
Contents 13
Contributors 16
Introduction 18
1 From Linear Delivery Process to Life Cycle Phases: The Validity of the Concept of Building Performance Evaluation 19
1.1 Transcending the Meaning and Boundaries of POE 19
1.1.1 The Evolution of POE 19
1.1.2 Holistic Thinking: The Building Life Cycle 23
1.2 The BPE Process Model 24
1.2.1 Life Cycle Phases and Review Loops 24
1.2.2 The Performance Concept: Addressing Fitness for Use 28
1.3 Validity of the BPE Concept 29
1.3.1 Applications Around the World 29
1.3.2 Contributions to Sustainable Development 30
1.3.3 Improvements in Building Process and Quality 30
1.4 Conclusion 31
Acknowledgements 32
Frontiers of Building Evaluation 35
2 From POE to BPE: The Next Era 37
2.1 The Future of POE 37
2.2 Barriers to Uptake of POE 37
2.3 POE Influencers 39
2.4 POE Throughout the Project and Building Life-Cycle 40
2.5 New Means of Data Collation 41
2.6 Conclusion 42
References 42
3 Critical Frameworks for Building Evaluation: User Satisfaction, Environmental Measurements and the Technical Attributes of Building Systems (POE + M) 44
3.1 Synopsis 44
3.2 Total Building Performance Is Critical to Building Evaluation 45
3.2.1 Defining Total Building Performance 45
3.2.2 Physiological, Psychological, Sociological, and Economic Assessments of Total Building Performance 47
3.3 Expertise on the Integrated and Occupied Settings Is Critical to Building Evaluation 48
3.4 POE + Measurement Is Critical to Building Evaluation 48
3.4.1 User Satisfaction Surveys: Right-Now and Year-Round 48
3.4.2 Field IEQ Measurements, Sampling, Versus Codes and Standards: NEAT 50
3.4.3 Recording the Technical Attributes of Building Systems: TABS 51
3.4.4 Putting It All Together: Databases and Statistical Analyses 52
3.5 POE + M Results 52
3.5.1 POE + M to Promote Occupants as Integrated Sensors and Controllers 53
3.5.2 POE + M to Identify Technologies and Systems that Work 53
3.5.3 POE + M to Refine Codes and Standards for Performance 55
3.5.4 POE + M to Promote Innovation for Performance 57
3.5.5 POE + M to Prove that Place Impacts Health and Productivity 58
3.6 The Future of POE + M with Measures of Productivity and Health 59
Acknowledgements 59
References 60
4 Informed Design: A Post-Occupancy Evaluation Toolkit for Courthouses 64
4.1 Introduction 64
4.2 POE Toolkit Project Parameters 65
4.3 The Toolkit 66
4.3.1 Data-Gathering Forms 67
4.3.2 Supplemental Studies 69
4.4 Who Should be Involved in the POE? 70
4.5 The POE Process 70
4.5.1 Preparation 71
4.5.2 On-Site 71
4.5.3 After the Site-Visit 72
4.6 Pilot Application of the POE Toolkit 72
4.7 Conclusion—Opportunities to Contribute to Best Practices 74
References 75
5 Synthetic Populations of Building Office Occupants and Behaviors 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Building Occupant Behavior and Synthetic Databases 77
5.3 Creating a Synthetic Population of Building Occupants 78
5.4 Uses of Synthesized Data 83
5.5 Methodological Implications and Limitations 83
5.6 Conclusion: Theoretical Implications and Future Research 84
Acknowledgements 84
References 84
6 From Pre- to Post-occupancy Evaluations: Acceptance of Intelligent Building Technologies 87
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Pre-occupancy Evaluations 88
6.2.1 Building Users’ Expectations, Concerns, and Attitudes Regarding Intelligent Buildings 88
6.2.2 Usability-Testing of Room Control Unit 89
6.2.3 Proto-Type Testing of Micro-Curricula Applications via Smart Phones 90
6.3 Post-occupancy Evaluations 91
6.3.1 POE of the Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence (CITEC), Bielefeld Campus 91
6.3.2 POE of the New Intelligent Campus Building, Minden Campus 94
6.3.3 Recommended Actions 97
6.4 Conclusions 97
References 98
7 Evaluating the Built Environment from the Users’ Perspective: Implications of Attitudinal Models of Satisfaction 101
7.1 Introduction 101
7.2 Satisfaction as an Evaluation Criterion 102
7.3 Utility of Models 102
7.4 Evolution of Users’ Satisfaction Models 103
7.5 An Attitudinal Model of Satisfaction 104
7.6 Implications of Attitudinal Models of Satisfaction 105
7.7 Conclusion 107
References 108
8 Towards a Hospital Activation Process Model 112
8.1 Introduction and Background 112
8.2 Methodology 114
8.2.1 Interviews and Survey Questionnaire 114
8.2.2 Document Analysis 114
8.2.3 Findings 114
8.2.4 Workshops 116
8.3 The Facility Activation Process Model 116
8.4 Phase I: Initiation 117
8.4.1 Purpose 117
8.4.2 Timing and Resources 117
8.4.3 Major Tasks 117
8.5 Phase II: Organization/Planning 118
8.5.1 Purpose 118
8.5.2 Timing and Resources 118
8.5.3 Major Tasks 119
8.6 Phase III: People/Facility Readiness 121
8.6.1 Purpose 121
8.6.2 Timing and Resources 121
8.6.3 Major Tasks 121
8.7 Phase IV: Start-up 122
8.7.1 Purpose 122
8.7.2 Timing and Resources 122
8.7.3 Major Tasks 122
8.8 Phase V: Operation 123
8.8.1 Purpose 123
8.8.2 Duration and Resources 124
8.8.3 Major Tasks 124
8.9 Conclusions 124
8.9.1 The Evaluation of the Facility Activation Successfully Demonstrated the POE Approach 124
8.9.2 Evaluation of the Facility Activation Process 124
8.9.3 A More Focused and Proactive POE Approach Evaluated Facility Activations 125
8.9.4 The Evaluation Achieved Its Purposes 125
Acknowledgements 125
References 125
Advances in Evaluation Knowledge 127
9 Merging Tradition and Innovation: Programming New Workplaces for Tradition-Steeped Companies 129
9.1 Introduction 129
9.2 Tradition and Innovation 130
9.3 Situation and Project Approach 130
9.4 Requirements 132
9.4.1 Process and Methodology 132
9.4.2 Engineering Innovative Workplace Concepts 133
9.4.3 Implementing Traditional Elements 134
9.5 Workplace Concept 135
9.6 Post-occupancy Feedback 136
9.7 Conclusion 138
References 139
10 Building-In-Use Assessment: Foundation of Workspace Psychology 140
10.1 Introduction 140
10.2 Assessment Tools 140
10.3 Satisfaction and Productivity 141
10.4 Levels of Productivity 142
10.5 Workspace Comfort 144
10.6 Psychological Comfort 146
10.7 Future Research 147
10.8 Conclusions 148
References 148
11 Evaluating Workplace Constructs Using Computerized Techniques of Space Syntax 151
11.1 Introduction 151
11.2 Current Workplace Standards in Dubai 151
11.3 Economic Boom and Diversity in Dubai 152
11.4 Workplace Design Standards 152
11.5 Architects Integrating Space Syntax in Their Practice 155
11.6 Importance of Interactions at the Workplace 156
11.7 Intelligibility in the Space Syntax Literature 157
11.8 Space Syntax in Design Practice in Dubai 159
11.9 Conclusion 163
References 163
12 Social Interactions in Work Environments: Expanding Building Evaluation 165
12.1 Introduction 165
12.2 From Social Space to Social Interactions 166
12.3 Building Evaluation 167
12.3.1 Social Perspectives in Building Evaluation 167
12.3.2 An Increasing Social Focus 168
12.4 Evaluating Social Activity: A Multi-method Approach 170
12.5 Focused Ethnography 170
12.6 Method Testing in Three Northern European Work Environments 170
12.7 Investigation Methods 174
12.7.1 Building Observations 174
12.7.2 Informant Observations 175
12.7.3 Activity Mapping 175
12.7.4 Semi-structured Interviews 176
12.7.5 Photographic Recordings 176
12.7.6 Video Recordings 176
12.8 Case-Study Findings 178
12.9 Conclusions 180
References 180
13 Making POE Work in an Organization 182
13.1 Introduction 182
13.2 Background 183
13.3 Establishing and Maintaining POE 183
13.4 POE as an Organizational Process 186
13.5 POE for Design and Facilities Management 187
13.6 Building a Data Base 187
13.7 POE After MWD 188
13.8 Conclusion 189
References 190
14 POE for Organizations with a Repetitive Building Type 191
14.1 Introduction 191
14.2 Pre-visit Preparation 192
14.3 Site Visit 194
14.4 Post-visit Data Recording and Analysis 196
14.4.1 Recording the POE Database 196
14.4.2 Analysis 196
14.4.3 Recommendation Categories for Implementation 197
14.5 Feedforward 197
14.6 Discussion and Observations 198
References 200
15 US Army Command Headquarters: Evaluating Existing Buildings to Set Design Requirements 201
15.1 Introduction 201
15.2 Background 201
15.3 Scope of Work 202
15.4 Issues Provoking the Evaluation 203
15.5 Methods 204
15.6 Application 210
15.7 Validation and Conclusion 210
References 211
Advances in Evaluation Methods 213
16 A Comparative Analysis of Predictive and Actual Performance of High Performance LEED™ Buildings 216
16.1 Sustainable Building Performance: A Systems Approach 216
16.2 Sustainable Building Performance as Place Experience 217
16.3 Case Study: POE of a LEED™ Platinum Certified Building 219
16.4 Comprehensive Building Performance Protocol for LEED™ Buildings 220
16.5 The Building Energy Performance 221
16.6 IEQ Assessments 222
16.6.1 Visual Comfort Analysis 223
16.6.2 Thermal Comfort Analysis 223
16.6.3 Occupants Satisfaction Analysis 225
16.7 Conclusions 226
References 227
17 Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Research Paradigm or Diagnostic Tool 230
17.1 Introduction 230
17.2 Environment-Behavior Research 231
17.3 Why Distinguish Between Practice-Based and Academic-Based Research? 232
17.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Data 233
17.5 Ethnography 234
17.6 Facility Management and POE 235
17.7 Conclusion 235
References 236
18 Towards Wellbeing: Hospital Evaluation Using the Problem-Seeking Method 238
18.1 Introduction 238
18.2 Method 242
18.3 Five Steps and Four Considerations 242
18.3.1 Basis of Design 243
18.3.2 Quantitative Description 244
18.3.3 Qualitative Description 244
18.3.4 Assessment 245
18.3.5 Lessons Learned 246
18.4 Evaluation Activities 246
18.5 Case Study 247
18.5.1 Case Study Evaluation Process 248
18.5.2 Lessons Learned from the Case Study 249
18.6 Synopsis of the Problem Seeking Method 250
18.7 Conclusions 252
Acknowledgements 253
Bibliography 253
19 Evaluating Changes in Sustainability Culture: A Model for Universities and Other Organizations 255
19.1 Introduction 255
19.2 Sustainability at the University of Michigan 256
19.3 The Sustainability Cultural Indicators Program 257
19.3.1 Questionnaires 257
19.3.2 Population and Sample 257
19.3.3 Findings 258
19.4 Using SCIP to Test New Initiatives 261
19.4.1 Composting Experiment 262
19.4.2 Evaluation Plan 262
19.5 Summary 264
References 264
20 Mind the Gap: Studying Actual Versus Predicted Performance of Green Buildings in Canada 266
20.1 Introduction 266
20.2 Nine Green Buildings 267
20.3 Project Methodology 268
20.4 Anticipated and Actual Building Performance 270
20.4.1 Occupancy 270
20.4.2 Energy 271
20.4.3 Water Use 273
20.4.4 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 274
20.5 Discussion: Performance Gaps 275
20.6 Conclusion 278
References 278
21 The College and University Campus: Facility Assessments for Long Term Decision Making 280
21.1 Introduction 280
21.2 Building Evaluations and Future Decision-Making 281
21.3 Functional Assessments 283
21.4 Functional Assessments—Data Gathering 284
21.5 Functional Assessment—Analysis 286
21.6 Conclusion 288
References 288
22 Emerging Trends in Performance Evaluation of Pediatric Intensive Care Units in Japanese Children’s Hospitals 290
22.1 Introduction 290
22.2 Research Objectives and Methodology 291
22.3 Process of Evidence-Based Design 292
22.4 Building Performance Evaluation of PICU 292
22.4.1 Number of Beds and Staff 292
22.4.2 Use of Nursing Rooms 293
22.4.3 Attributes of Patients 293
22.5 Analysis on Medical and Nursing Activities Surrounding PICU Beds 293
22.5.1 Average Space Planning for PICU Bed 293
22.5.2 Case Using ECMO 294
22.5.3 Case with Suitable Space 295
22.6 Healing Environment for Children Patients and Their Families 296
22.6.1 Resource to Remedy Patient Anxiety 296
22.6.2 Issues on Visitors 296
22.6.3 Comparison with Visiting Situations 296
22.7 Some Recent Development 297
22.8 Conclusions 297
Bibliography 298
23 Feeding the Knowledge Forward: Advancements in Post-Occupancy Evaluation Application Through Collaboration 300
23.1 Introduction 300
23.2 Planning the POE 301
23.3 Conducting the POE 301
23.4 Reporting POE Findings 302
23.4.1 Workflow 303
23.4.2 Communication 303
23.4.3 Privacy and Confidentiality 303
23.4.4 Safety and Security 304
23.5 Applying POE Outcomes 304
23.6 Discussion 307
23.6.1 All-Inclusive, Collaborative Process 308
23.6.2 Easily Interpreted Evidence 308
23.6.3 Active Participant Engagement with the Evidence 308
23.6.4 Feasible Outcomes Grounded in Research 309
23.7 Conclusion 309
Acknowledgements 309
References 309
Epilogue 311
24 Epilogue: From Building Evaluation to Building Performance Evaluation and Beyond 312
References 318
Index 319