Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered Wearable Devices (eBook)

Mohammad Alhawari received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Yarmouk University, Jordan, in 2008 and the M.S. degree in microsystems engineering from Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, in 2012. He received the PhD degree in electrical and computer engineering from Khalifa University of Science, Technology in 2016. From 2008 to 2010, he worked at YOUNIVATE Company in Jordan, as a hardware and PCB engineer. He is currently a post-doctoral research fellow at Khalifa University, where he focuses on low power designs for energy harvesting applications.Baker Mohammad earned his PhD from University of Texas at Austin, his M.S.  from Arizona State University, Tempe, and BS from the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, all in ECE.   Dr. Mohammad is currently an associate Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Khalifa University and a founding and active member of Khalifa University Semiconductor Research Center. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and serves as an editor to the microelectronics journal, Elsevier.  Baker Served in many organization and technical committee for IEEE conferences, In addition, he is a frequent reviewer for many journals including IEEE TVLSI, IEEE Circuits and Systems, and Springer.  Baker has extensive experience for attracting and managing research grants including SRC, ADEC, UAE Space Agency and KU internal funding. Prior to joining Khalifa University (KU) Baker has over 16-years industrial experience working for intel and Qualcomm in microprocessor design with emphasis on embedded system, and low power design.  His research interest includes power efficient computing, high yield embedded memory, emerging technology such as memristor, STTRAM, computer architecture, and In-Memory-Computing. In addition, he is engaged in micro-watt range computing platform for WSN focusing on energy harvesting and power management including efficient dc/dc, ac/dc convertors.  He authored/co-authored over 80 referred journals and conference proceedings, 2 books, 18 US patents, multiple invited seminars/panelist, and the presenter of 3 conference tutorials including one tutorial on Energy harvesting and Power management for WSN at the 2015 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems conference (ISCAS).  Dr. Mohammad has received several awards including the KU staff excellence award in intellectual property creation, IEEE TVLSI best paper award, Qualcomm Qstar award for excellence on performance, and leadership. Best paper award for Qtech conference June 2009, and Intel Involve in the community award for volunteer and impact on the community.  Hani Saleh is an assistant professor of electronic engineering at Khalifa University since 2012. He is an active member in KSRC (Khalifa University Research Center) where he leads a project for the development of wearable SOC and a mobile surveillance SOC. Hani has a total of 19 years of industrial experience in ASIC chip design, microprocessor design, DSP core design, graphics core design and embedded system design. His experience spans DSP core design, microprocessor peripherals design, microprocessors and graphics core deign. Prior to joining Khalifa University he worked as a Senior Chip Designer (Technical Lead) at Apple incorporation; where he worked on the design and implementation of Apple next generation graphics cores for its mobile products (iPad, iPhone, etc.), prior to joining Apple, he worked for several leading semiconductor companies including Intel (ATOM mobile microprocessor design), AMD (Bobcat mobile microprocessor design), Qualcomm (QDSP DSP core design for mobile SOCs), Synopsys (a key member of Synopsys turnkey design group where he taped out many ASICs and designed the I2C DW IP included in Synopys DesignWare library), Fujitsu (SPARC compatible high performance microprocessor design) and Motorola Australia (M210 low power microprocessor synthesizable core design). Hani received a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Jordan, a Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at San Antonio, and a Ph.D. degree in Computer Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Hani research interest includes DSP algorithms design, DSP hardware design, computer architecture, computer arithmetic, SOC design, ASIC chip design, FPGA design and automatic computer recognition. Hani has 3 issued US patents, 13 pending patent application, and over 60 articles published in peer review conferences and Journals in the areas of digital system design, computer architecture, DSP and computer arithmetic. Mohammed Ismail a prolific author and entrepreneur in the field of chip design and test, spent over 25 years in academia and industry in the US and Europe. He obtained his BS and MS from Cairo University, Egypt and his PhD from the University of Manitoba in 1983, all in electrical engineering. He is now the Chair of Electrical and Computer engineering at Wayne State University, MI, Detroit. He is the Founder of the Ohio State University’s (OSU) Analog VLSI Lab, one of the foremost research entities in the field of analog, mixed signal and RF integrated circuits and served as its Director. He also served on the faculty of OSU’s ElectroScience Lab. He held a Research Chair at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) where he founded the RaMSiS (Radio and Mixed Signal Integrated Systems) Research Group there. He had visiting appointments in Finland (Aalto university), Norway (NTH and University of Oslo), the Netherlands (Twente University) and Japan (Tokyo Institute of Technology). He Joined KU, the UAE in 2011, where he holds the ATIC (now Mubadala Technology) Professor Chair and is Head of the ECE Department. He is the Founding Director of the Khalifa Semiconductor Research Center (KSRC) and Co-Director of the ATIC-SRC Center of Excellence on Energy Efficient Electronic systems (ACE4S) targeting self-powered chip sets for wireless sensing and monitoring, bio chips and power management solutions. His current research focuses on ”self- healing” design techniques for CMOS RF and mm-wave ICs in deep nanometer nodes, energy harvesting and power management wearable Biochips and SoCs for IoTs. Dr. Ismail served as a Corporate Consultant to over 30 companies and is a Co-Founder of Micrys Inc., Columbus, Ohio, Spirea AB, Stockholm, Firstpass Technologies Inc., Dublin, Ohio and ANACAD-Egypt (now part of Mentor Graphics). He advised the work of over 50 Ph.D. students and of over 100 M.S. students. He authored or co-authored over 20 books and over 170 journal publications, 300 conference papers and has 8 US patents issued and several pending. He is the Founding Editor of the Springer Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing and serves as the Journal’s Editor-in-Chief. He served the IEEE in many editorial and administrative capacities. He is the Founder of the IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), the flagship Region 8 Conference of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society and a Co-Founder of the IEEE International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED). He received the US Presidential Young Investigator Award, the Ohio State Lumley Research Award four times, in 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007 and the US Semiconductor Research Corporation’s Inventor Recognition Award twice.

Preface 7
Acknowledgments 9
Contents 10
1 Introduction 12
1.1 Wearable Devices and Battery Technology in IoTs 12
1.2 Energy Harvesting and Autonomous Systems 14
2 Energy Harvesting Sources, Models, and Circuits 18
2.1 Energy Harvesters 18
2.1.1 Thermoelectric Generators 18
2.1.1.1 Human Body Thermal Harvesting 20
2.1.2 Piezoelectric Harvesters 23
2.1.2.1 Human Body Movement Characterization 25
2.1.3 RF Harvesting 34
2.1.3.1 Characterization of RF Energy Harvesting at 2.4GHz 36
2.1.4 Solar Harvesting 41
2.2 Power Conversion Circuits 43
2.2.1 Linear Regulators 44
2.2.2 Switched-Capacitor Circuit 44
2.2.3 Switching Converters 46
3 Interface Circuits for Thermoelectric Generator 47
3.1 Inductor-Based DC–DC Converters 47
3.1.1 An Asynchronous Inductor-Based DC–DC Converter 47
3.1.2 A Synchronous Inductor-Based DC–DC Converter 49
3.2 Design of the Synchronous Inductor-Based Boost Converter 50
3.2.1 Losses in the Inductor-Based Boost Converter 50
3.2.2 Control Circuits for Inductor-Based Converter 51
3.2.2.1 Zero Current Switching Control Circuit 52
3.2.2.2 Polarity Control for TEG 52
3.2.2.3 Maximum Power Point Transfer Techniques 53
3.2.2.4 Startup Circuit 53
3.2.3 Power Conversion Architectures 54
3.2.4 System Robustness 55
4 Zero Crossing Switching Control for L-Based DC–DC Converters 56
4.1 Background and Prior Work 56
4.2 Example of ZCS Control Circuit 60
4.2.1 Coarse/Fine ZCS Techniques 60
4.3 Measurement Results 63
5 Polarity Mechanism for Thermoelectric Harvester 70
5.1 Prior Work in TEG Polarity Mechanism 70
5.2 Example of Auto-Polarity Control Circuit 72
5.2.1 Measurement Results of Auto-Polarity Circuits 79
6 Energy Combiner and Power Manager for Multi-Source Energy Harvesting 89
6.1 Reported Techniques in Energy Combiner Techniques 89
6.2 Power Manager Implementation for Multi-Source Energy Harvesting 92
6.2.1 Biomedical Processor 93
6.2.2 Power Manager 94
6.2.3 Sleep Mode Operation 96
References 98
Index 104