Bamboo (eBook)

Professor Ester Akinlabi is a researcher and lecturer at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment (FEBE) at the University of Johannesburg (UJ). She was selected, from 57 nominations, to join the South African Young Academy of Science (SAYAS) in 2014. Prof Akinlabi researches techniques to combine the best characteristics of different metals into a hybrid that is capable of much more than if it were built from a single material. In 2013, she was rated a Young Researcherby the National Research Foundation (NRF) in the areas of material science and technology, laser materials processing, and friction stir welding.

Preface 5
References 6
Contents 7
1 Bamboo Taxonomy and Distribution Across the Globe 12
Abstract 12
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Bamboo’s Identification 13
1.3 Bamboo Compared with Trees (Wood) 14
1.3.1 Differences in Characteristics of Bamboo and Trees 15
1.4 Bamboo Origin and Its Habitats 15
1.4.1 Bamboo Habitations 18
1.5 Molecular Taxonomy of Bamboos 21
1.6 Scientific Classifications and Characteristics of Bamboos 23
1.6.1 Diversification of Bamboo 25
1.6.2 Bamboos Tribes, Subtribes, and Genera Classification 29
1.7 Important Bamboo Genera and Species 29
1.7.1 Important Bamboo Genera 29
1.7.2 Important Bamboo Species 29
1.7.3 Other Less/Known Taxa of Value 29
References 44
2 Regeneration, Cultivation, and Sustenance of Bamboo 49
Abstract 49
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Methods and Techniques of Bamboo Propagation 50
2.2.1 Bamboo Propagation 51
2.2.2 Production of Bamboo Seedlings 52
2.2.3 Sexual Propagation 52
2.2.4 Asexual Propagation 54
2.2.4.1 Bamboo Propagation by Offset Cuttings 55
2.2.4.2 Bamboo Culm Cutting Propagation 57
2.2.4.3 Bamboo Propagation with Rhizomes 59
2.2.4.4 Bamboo Propagation by Branch Cuttings 62
2.2.4.5 Pre-rooting Propagation in Bamboos 63
2.2.4.6 Pre-rooted, Rhizome, and Branched Propagation 63
2.2.4.7 Layering Bamboo 64
2.2.4.8 Ground Layering 64
2.2.4.9 Stump Layering 65
2.2.4.10 Seedling Layering 65
2.2.5 Macro-Proliferation Methods 65
2.2.5.1 Raising Seedlings by Proliferation 65
2.2.5.2 Proliferating Seedlings 66
2.2.6 Post-care of Bamboo Cuttings 66
2.2.6.1 Poly Bags 66
2.2.6.2 Selection of Land Site for Nurseries 67
2.2.6.3 Poly-bag Usage in Nursing Seedlings 67
2.2.6.4 Choice of Nursery Site and Nursery 67
2.2.6.5 Routine Activities Carried Out on Nursed Plants 68
2.2.6.6 Field Performance of Various Planting Methods 68
2.3 Pre-planting Operations 68
2.3.1 Selection of Land Site for the Cultivation of Bamboo 69
2.3.2 Preparation of Land or Planting Site 69
2.4 Planting of Bamboo Seedlings 70
2.5 Post-planting Operations 70
2.5.1 Replacement of Dead Plants 70
2.5.2 Culm Maintenance 71
2.5.3 Maintenance of the Soil 71
2.5.4 Weeding 71
2.5.5 Pests, Insects, and Animal Protection 72
2.5.6 Mulching 72
2.5.7 Soil Mounding 73
2.5.8 Pruning Clump of Bamboo 73
2.5.9 Clump Management 73
2.5.10 Protection Bamboo from Fire 75
2.6 Harvesting and Handling 75
2.7 Attacks on Harvested Bamboo 78
2.8 Insect Attacks 78
2.8.1 Beetles 79
2.8.2 Termites 79
2.9 Fungal Attacks 80
2.9.1 Blue-Stain Fungi 81
2.9.2 Mould Fungi 82
2.9.3 Decay Fungi 82
2.10 Post-harvest Treatment and Preservation 83
2.10.1 Air-Drying of Bamboo 83
2.10.2 Kiln-Drying of Bamboo 85
2.10.3 Drying Rate and Defects of Bamboo 85
2.11 Preservation of Bamboo Culm 86
2.11.1 Non-chemical Techniques 86
2.11.2 Chemical Methods 89
2.12 Treatability 90
2.13 Preservatives 91
2.13.1 Waterborne Types 91
2.13.2 Organic Acids 91
2.14 Preservatives and Treatment 92
2.14.1 Pressure Treatments 92
2.14.2 Non-pressure Treatment 92
2.15 Sustainability of Bamboo and Its Products 93
References 93
3 Properties of Bamboo 97
Abstract 97
3.1 Bamboo Growth Morphology 97
3.2 Morphology of the Bamboo Plant 98
3.2.1 Culm 98
3.2.2 Sheath 100
3.2.3 Branches 101
3.2.4 Rhizomes 102
3.2.5 Roots 102
3.2.6 Leaves 103
3.3 Bamboo Culm Anatomy 104
3.4 Moisture Content 108
3.5 Specific Gravity (Density) and Mechanical Properties 109
3.6 Chemical Composition 111
3.7 Mechanical Characterisation 112
3.7.1 Standardisation 113
3.7.2 History of Bamboo Standardization 113
3.7.3 Tensile Testing 113
3.7.3.1 Modulus of Elasticity 120
3.7.3.2 Experimental Work 121
3.7.3.3 Bamboo Culm Morphology: Results and Discussion 121
3.7.4 Compressive Testing 123
3.7.4.1 Experimental Works 123
3.7.4.2 Results and Discussion 123
3.7.5 Fatigue Testing 123
3.7.6 Impact Testing 125
3.7.7 Shear Testing 127
3.7.8 Bending (Flexural) Testing 131
3.7.8.1 Mass Per Volume 135
3.7.8.2 Stress Distribution in Bending Test ? 137
3.7.9 Torsion Testing 137
3.7.10 Structural Equations for Bamboo 138
3.7.10.1 Structural Deformation Equations 138
3.7.10.2 Structural-Stress Equations for Bamboo 138
3.7.10.3 Stability Equations for Bamboo 138
3.7.11 Classical Laminate Theory 138
3.7.12 The Effects of Water, Brine, and Acid on Bamboo 148
3.7.12.1 Material and Method 148
3.7.12.2 Results and Discussion 149
3.7.12.3 Summary 152
References 152
4 Bamboo as Fuel 158
Abstract 158
4.1 Introduction 158
4.2 Bamboo Charcoal 159
4.3 Bamboo Pellet Biofuel 161
4.3.1 Characterisation of Bamboo Pellets 163
4.3.2 Calorific Value of Bamboo Pellets 163
4.3.2.1 Material and Method 163
4.3.2.2 Results and Discussion 163
4.3.3 Gas-Analysis Test for Bamboo 165
4.3.3.1 Material and Method 166
4.3.3.2 Results and Discussion 167
4.3.3.3 Summary 168
4.4 Production of Ethanol from Bamboo 169
4.4.1 Mechanical Pre-treatment 171
4.4.2 Thermal Pre-treatment 171
4.4.2.1 Steam Pre-treatment/Steam Explosion (ST/SE) 172
4.4.2.2 Liquid Hot Water (LHW) 172
4.4.3 Chemical Pre-treatment 172
4.4.3.1 Acid Pre-treatment 172
4.4.3.2 Alkaline Pre-treatment 173
4.4.3.3 Thermal Pre-treatment/Alkaline Pre-treatment 173
4.4.3.4 Oxidation Pre-treatment 173
4.4.3.5 Ammonia Pre-treatment 173
4.4.4 Hydrolysis and Fermentation 174
4.4.5 Use of Immature Bamboo Shoots 175
4.4.6 Summary 176
4.5 Production of Methane from Bamboo 176
4.5.1 Resistance to Hydrolysis 178
4.5.2 Pre-treatment 178
4.5.2.1 Steam-Explosion Pre-treatment 179
4.5.2.2 Chemical Pre-treatments 180
4.5.2.3 Thermo-Chemical Pre-treatments 180
4.5.2.4 Biological Pre-treatment 181
4.5.2.5 Fungal Pre-treatment 181
4.5.2.6 Microbial Consortium Pre-treatment 181
4.5.2.7 Enzymatic Pre-treatment 181
4.5.2.8 Summary 182
References 182
5 Applications of Bamboo 188
Abstract 188
5.1 Introduction 188
5.2 Engineering Applications 189
5.3 Bamboo in Construction 190
5.3.1 Bamboo for Housing 191
5.3.2 Bamboo for Walls 192
5.3.3 Bamboo for Flooring 192
5.3.4 Bamboo for Roofing 193
5.3.5 Bamboo for Scaffolding 195
5.3.6 Bamboo for Interior Work 195
5.3.7 Bamboo for Furniture 195
5.3.8 Industrial Bamboo Board 198
5.3.9 Bamboo for Handicrafts 199
5.3.10 Bamboo for Musical Instruments 200
5.4 Engineering Bamboo Products 200
5.4.1 Laminated Bamboo Lumber 200
5.4.2 Bamboo Veneer 201
5.4.3 PlyBamboo 201
5.4.4 Oriented-Strand Board 202
5.4.5 Bamboo Particleboard 202
5.4.6 Nonwoven Strand-Bamboo Products 203
5.4.7 Bamboo Plastic Composite 204
5.4.8 Bamboo Chipboard or Flakeboard 204
5.4.9 Elastomer-Based Biocomposite 205
5.4.10 Thermoplastic-Based Bamboo Composite 205
5.4.11 Thermoset-Based Bamboo 206
5.5 Paper and Textiles 207
5.5.1 Paper 207
5.5.2 Bamboo Textiles 208
5.6 Bamboo Bicycles 209
5.7 Non-engineering Applications 210
5.7.1 Bamboo Charcoal 210
5.7.2 Industrial Processing of Bamboo 211
5.7.3 Quality Control 212
5.7.4 Properties and Utilisation of Bamboo Charcoal 212
5.7.5 Bamboo Vinegar 213
5.7.6 Bamboo as Food and Medicine 214
5.7.6.1 Amino Acids 217
5.7.6.2 Protein 217
5.7.6.3 Minerals 218
5.7.6.4 Carbohydrate 219
5.7.6.5 Fibre 220
5.7.6.6 Phytosterol 220
5.7.6.7 Phenols 221
5.7.6.8 Taxiphyllin in Bamboo Shoots 222
5.7.7 Hydraulic Application of Bamboo 223
5.7.8 Soil Conditioning 223
5.7.9 Transportation and Navigation 224
References 224
6 Current Trend in Bamboo Analysis 229
Abstract 229
6.1 Introduction 229
6.2 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis of Bamboo 230
6.2.1 Description of the Finite-Element-Analysis Process 230
6.2.2 Finite Element Analysis of Wood 231
6.2.3 Finite Element Analysis of Bamboo 231
6.2.4 Finite Element Characterisation of Bamboo 232
6.2.4.1 Assumptions 232
6.2.4.2 Finite Element Tensile Testing 233
6.2.4.3 Finite Element Compressive Testing 233
6.2.4.4 Finite Element Three-Point Bending Testing 235
6.2.5 Summary 236
6.3 Bamboo as a Functionally Graded Material 238
6.3.1 Bamboo Geometry and Structural Efficiency 239
6.3.2 Mechanical-Sensing Capabilities 239
6.3.3 Shape and Features of the Vascular Bundle 240
6.3.3.1 Experimental Work: Materials and Method 240
6.3.4 Summary 241
References 241
Appendix 244
Index 263