Recent Trends in Nanomaterials (eBook)

Dr. Zishan Husain Khan, Professor at the Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, has been working in the field of nanotechnology since December 2001. He has almost 20 years of research experience in semiconductor physics and nanotechnology. He has published more than 102 research papers in reputed international journals and has guided a number of PhD students. He has presented many research papers in various national and international conferences. He has completed several research projects on various topics in nanotechnology. He has worked at several positions in universities abroad. In 2001, Dr. Khan was selected for pursuing postdoctoral research in nanotechnology at the Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Hsinchu, Taiwan. He joined this research program in December 2001 and completed it in February 2005. During his postdoctoral fellowship, he worked on different aspects of nanomaterials with special emphasis on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). His work on current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of individual CNTs for CNT-based field effect transistor (FET) was highly appreciated by the scientific community. To carry out this research work, he employed the technique of photolithography to design a mask and subsequently used e-beam lithography to connect an individual CNT to fabricate a nanodevice.With this significant experience in nanotechnology, Dr. Khan was selected to establish a Center of Nanotechnology at King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2007. Dr. Khan worked as an Associate Professor at this Center until July 2012. During his stay there, he established world-class facilities in nanotechnology with a cleanroom of level 100. He was also actively involved in designing various courses in nanotechnology. He also acted as a reviewer for many international journals of high repute. In addition, he has edited several special issues for reputed international journals. Dr. Khan has edited two books entitled “Recent Trends in Nanotechnology & Renewable Energy” published by Bharti Publications, Delhi (India) and “Advances in Nanomaterials” published by Springer.

Foreword 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 10
About the Editor 12
1 Graphene Oxide: Synthesis and Characterization 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide 17
1.2.1 Oxidation of Graphite 17
1.2.1.1 Broodie’s Method 18
1.2.1.2 Hummer’s Method 18
1.2.1.3 Tour’s Method 19
1.2.2 Exfoliation of Graphene Oxide 19
1.2.2.1 Chemical Exfoliation of Graphene Oxide 19
1.2.2.2 Thermal Exfoliation of Graphene Oxide 20
1.2.3 Reduction of Graphene Oxide 20
1.2.3.1 Thermal Annealing 22
1.2.3.2 Reduction Using High-Energy Radiations 23
1.2.3.3 Chemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide 24
1.3 Characterizations of Graphene Oxide 27
1.4 Conclusion 35
References 35
2 Wear Behavior of Composites and Nanocomposites: A New Approach 42
2.1 Wear 42
2.2 Types of Wear 42
2.2.1 Adhesive Wear 43
2.2.2 Abrasive Wear 44
2.2.3 Corrosive Wear 47
2.2.4 Fatigue Wear 48
2.2.4.1 Rolling Contact 48
2.2.4.2 Sliding Contact 49
2.3 Analysis of Wear Debris 49
2.4 Composites and Nanocomposites 50
2.4.1 Classification of Composites 51
2.4.1.1 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) 51
2.4.1.2 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) 52
2.4.1.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) 53
2.4.2 Advantages of Composites 53
2.4.3 Limitations of Composites 54
2.5 Wear of Metals, Ceramics and Polymers 54
2.5.1 Wear of Metals 54
2.5.2 Wear of Ceramics 56
2.5.3 Wear of Polymers 57
2.6 Factors Affecting Reduction of Wear 58
2.7 Wear Behavior of Fe–Al2O3 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 58
References 60
3 Nanoparticles as Targeted Drug Delivery Agents: Synthesis, Mechanism and Applications 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Targeted Drug Delivery 63
3.3 Significance of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 64
3.4 Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Platforms 65
3.4.1 Liposomes 65
3.4.2 Dendrimers 66
3.4.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles 67
3.4.4 Hydrogels 67
3.4.5 Polymeric Micelles 68
3.4.6 Gold Nanoparticles 69
3.5 Applications of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 69
3.6 Conclusions 73
Acknowledgements 74
References 74
4 Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Properties 77
4.2.1 Optical Properties 77
4.2.1.1 Photoluminescence 77
4.2.1.2 Up-conversion 80
4.2.1.3 Electrochemical Luminescence 83
4.2.1.4 Cytotoxicity 85
4.3 Characterization 86
4.3.1 Optical Characterization 87
4.3.1.1 UV–Visible Spectroscopy 87
4.3.1.2 Raman Spectroscopy 87
4.3.1.3 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 87
4.3.2 Microscopy Characterization 88
4.3.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 88
4.3.2.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 88
4.3.3 Surface State Characterization 90
4.3.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) 90
4.3.3.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 91
4.4 Synthesis 91
4.4.1 Top-Down Approach 91
4.4.1.1 Chemical Ablation Methods 91
4.4.1.2 Electrochemical Method 94
4.4.1.3 Physical Method 97
4.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach 97
4.4.2.1 Cage Opening of Fullerene 97
4.4.2.2 GQDs Derived from Organic Molecules 99
4.5 Applications 101
4.5.1 Bioimaging or Biolabelling 101
4.5.2 Biosensing 103
4.5.3 Immunosensing 103
4.5.4 Drug Delivery 103
4.5.5 Light-Emitting Diode 107
4.5.6 Sensors 109
4.5.7 Photoluminescence (PL) Sensor 109
4.5.8 Electrochemical (EC) Sensor 111
4.5.9 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Sensor 113
4.5.10 Catalysis 116
4.5.10.1 Electrocatalysis—Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) in Fuel Cells 116
4.5.10.2 Photocatalysis 120
4.5.10.3 Energy-Related Application 121
Photovoltaics (PV) 121
4.6 Prospect of GQDs 122
References 122
5 Graphene/Metal Nanowire Hybrid Transparent Conductive Films 133
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Graphene-Based Transparent Conductive Films 135
5.3 Metal Nanowire-Based Transparent Conductive Films 138
5.4 RG-O/Cu NW Hybrid Transparent Conductive Films 140
5.5 CVD-Graphene/Metal Nanowire Hybrid Transparent Conductive Films 143
5.6 Applications of Graphene/Metal Nanowire Hybrid Films 147
5.6.1 Application of RG-O/Cu NW Transparent Electrodes in EC Devices 147
5.6.2 Application of CVD-Graphene/Ag NW Transparent Electrodes in EC Devices 150
5.7 Conclusions and Future Challenges 151
Acknowledgements 152
References 152
6 Antibacterial Applications of Nanomaterials 155
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Mechanism of Antibacterial Action 157
6.3 Synthesis Procedure 158
6.4 Antibacterial Test Protocols 159
6.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Pure and Doped ZnO 159
6.5.1 Effect of Doping on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 160
6.5.2 Effect of Doping on Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) 162
6.5.3 Growth of Bacterial Cells in Presence of Co-doped ZnO 164
6.6 Bacterial Biofilm 165
6.6.1 Inhibition of Microbial Biofilm Using Nanoantibiotic 166
6.7 Summary 167
References 167
7 Facile Synthesis of Large Surface Area Graphene and Its Applications 171
7.1 Introduction 171
7.2 Conclusions 183
Acknowledgements 184
References 184
8 Carbon Nanomaterials Derived from Graphene and Graphene Oxide Nanosheets 188
8.1 Brief Introduction 188
8.2 Graphene Fibers (1D) 189
8.2.1 Solution Processing from Graphene Oxide (GO) 189
8.2.2 Hydrothermal Approach 195
8.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 198
8.2.4 Graphene Ribbon Fibers from Unzipped CNTs 200
8.2.5 Other Methods 202
8.3 Graphene-Based Free-Standing Papers (2D) 203
8.3.1 Membrane Vacuum Filtration 204
8.3.2 Other Methods 209
8.3.2.1 Solvent Direct Evaporation 209
8.3.2.2 Tape Casting 210
8.3.2.3 Electro-spray Deposition 213
8.3.2.4 Interface Self-Assembly 214
8.3.2.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 216
8.4 Graphene 3D Monoliths 217
8.4.1 Solution Processes 217
8.4.1.1 Gelation of GO 217
8.4.1.2 Centrifugal Evaporation-Induced Assembly of GO 224
8.4.1.3 In Situ Gelation of RGO 225
Hydrothermal Reduction in GO 226
Chemical Reduction in GO 228
8.4.2 Interface Self-Assembly 233
8.4.2.1 Breath-Figure-Templated Assembly 233
8.4.2.2 Flow-Directed Self-Assembly 235
Leavening Strategy 235
KOH Activation of RGO Porous Structures 236
8.4.3 Templating Approaches 237
8.4.3.1 Templated Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 237
8.4.3.2 Ice-Templated Unidirectional Freezing 238
8.4.4 3D Printing 239
8.4.5 Miscellaneous 240
8.5 Concluding Remarks 242
References 242
9 GaN Nanowall Network: Laser Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth and Properties 255
9.1 Introduction 255
9.2 Growth of GaN Nanowall Network by LMBE Technique 257
9.3 Characterization of GaN Nanowall Network Grown by LMBE Technique 258
9.4 Properties of Homoepitaxial GaN Nanowall Network Grown on GaN Template 259
9.4.1 Structural Properties 259
9.4.2 Optical Properties 265
9.4.3 Electronic Structure 268
9.4.4 Effect of Wet-Etching 271
9.5 Properties of Heteroepitaxial GaN Nanowall Network Grown on Sapphire (0001) 273
9.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective 274
Acknowledgements 275
References 275
10 Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study of Novel 2D and 3D Materials 279
10.1 Introduction 279
10.2 The Method of Calculations 281
10.3 Results and Discussion 281
10.3.1 Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors (DMSs) 281
10.3.2 Semiconductor and Metal Interface 284
10.3.3 Effects of Tantalum Incorporation into Diamond Films 287
10.3.4 Effects of Oxygen Incorporation into Diamond Films 288
10.4 Summary 289
References 290
11 Prospects of Nanostructured ZrO2 as a Point-of-Care Diagnostics 295
11.1 Introduction 295
11.2 Synthesis and Characterizations of ZrO2 Nanostructures 298
11.3 Biological Properties of ZrO2 302
11.4 ZrO2-Based Biosensors 303
11.4.1 ZrO2-Based Immunosensors 303
11.4.2 Enzymatic Biosensor 306
11.4.3 DNA Biosensor 309
11.5 Conclusions 311
References 312