Green Intelligent Transportation Systems (eBook)

Contents 6
1 A New Method for 3D-Simulating Traffic Accident Based on VISSIM 13
Abstract 13
Introduction 13
General Technical Route 14
Modeling Method for Key Issues 14
Modeling 3D Element 14
Framework for Simulation System 16
Vehicle Trajectory and Process Control 20
Crash Effects Design 20
Traffic Environment Design 22
Case Application 23
Conclusions 23
Acknowledgements 23
References 23
2 True 3D Surface Feature Visualization Design and Realization with MapGIS K9 25
Abstract 25
Introduction 25
Technology Routine for True 3D Visualization of Surface Features 26
Production of True 3D Virtual Scene of Surface Features 28
Spatial Analysis of True 3D Visualized Campus 36
Roaming in the True 3D Visualized Campus 37
Conclusion 38
Acknowledgments 38
References 38
3 ‘Discontinuity Effect’ of Edge Line Markings on Time Headway in Car-Following 40
Abstract 40
Introduction 41
Literature Review 41
Method and Experiment 43
Methods Overview 43
Test Site 43
Design of Edge Line Markings 44
Horizontal Offset (HOS) 44
Longitudinal Gap (LG) 44
Data Collection and Treatment 44
Data Filtering Process 47
Filter Out Free-Flow Vehicles 47
Filter Out Lane-Change Vehicles 48
Results 48
Effects of HOS 48
Effects of LG 50
Comparison with the Control Test 50
Discussions 50
Analysis of Speed and Speed Perception 52
Analysis of Distance Headway and Distance Perception 53
Conclusions and Recommendations 55
Acknowledgements 55
References 55
4 Study on the Influence on Liquid Sloshing Caused by Baffle’s Parameter Changes in Tank 57
Abstract 57
Introduction 57
The Influence of the Number of Baffles on Liquid Sloshing in Circle Cross-sectional Tank 58
The Influence of Vertical Baffles on Liquid Sloshing 60
Liquid Simulational Experiment in Tank When the Area of Baffles is 46% of the Cross-sectional Area of Tank 60
Liquid Simulational Experiment in Tank When the Area of Baffles is 20% of the Cross-sectional Area of Tank 67
Three Baffles are Interlaced 70
Conclusions 72
References 72
5 Research on the Collaborative Management and Information Service System of Comprehensive Passenger Transportation Hub 73
Abstract 73
Introduction 73
System Framework Design 74
Physical Place Layer 76
Infrastructure Support Environment Layer 76
Data Resources Layer 76
Application System Layer 76
Application Service Presentation Layer 76
User Layer 77
Security System Layer 77
Application System Design 77
Hub Transfer Guide and Integrated Information Service System 77
Hub Daily Monitoring and Linkage Support System 78
The Hub Area Traffic Guidance System 79
Energy Management and Control System 79
Evacuation Guidance and Emergency Management System 79
Hub Statistical Analysis System 79
Hub Integrated Information Management Platform 80
System Function Module Design 80
Hub Transfer Guide and Integrated Information Service System 80
Hub Daily Monitoring and Linkage Support System 80
The Hub Area Traffic Guidance System 81
Energy Management and Control System 82
Evacuation Guidance and Emergency Management System 83
Hub Statistical Analysis System 83
Hub Integrated Information Management Platform 84
Conclusions and Recommendations 84
References 85
6 Decision-Making Model of Lane-Change Behavior Based on Integrated Cognitive Vehicle Cluster Situations 86
Abstract 86
Introduction 87
Analysis of Vehicle Cluster Situation and Lane Changing 88
Vehicle Cluster Situation 88
Lane Changing 89
Decision-Making Model of Lane Changing Based on Integrated Cognitive of Vehicle Cluster Situation 90
Fuzzy Variables and Corresponding Fuzzy Sets 90
Lane-Changing Decision-Making Based on Integrated Cognitive Vehicle Cluster Situation 93
Data Collection and Model Validation 98
Identification of the Driver’s Propensity 98
Actual Vehicle Verification 98
Model Calibration 100
Model Verification 101
Conclusion 102
Acknowledgements 103
References 103
7 Novel Design of Head-Up Display System Based on Safety Control 104
Abstract 104
Introduction 104
Methodology and Results 106
Architecture Design of the HUD System 108
Interface Design of the HUD System 110
Conclusion 111
References 112
8 Prediction Model on Energy Consumption of Highway Transportation in Inner Mongolia Based on ARMA 113
Abstract 113
Introduction 113
ARMA Model 114
The Form of ARMA Model 114
The Modeling Process Based on ARMA Model 115
Energy Consumption Prediction Model of Highway Transportation 116
Unit Energy Consumption Prediction 119
Conclusions 122
References 122
9 Revenue Model for the Inter-City Railway System Based on the Stop Stations and Graded Ticket Fares 123
Abstract 123
Introduction 124
Travel Behavior Selection Process for Passengers 124
Model of Sharing Ratio 125
Model 126
Research Scope 126
Variable Definition 127
Passenger Flow Transformation Equation 127
Objective Function 128
Constraint Conditions 128
Limitation on the Transportation Capacity of the Section 128
Limitation on the Traffic Capacity of the Station 129
Limitation on the Ticket Fare Adjustment Policy 129
Limitation on the Parking Coverage 130
Limitation on the Maximum Parking Number of the Station 130
Solution Algorithm 130
Case Analysis 132
Conclusion 135
Acknowledgments 135
References 135
10 Four-Phase Composite Material of Concrete Meso-Damage Dynamic Load Failure Test 136
Abstract 136
Introduction 137
Establishment of Concrete Elasto-Plastic Damage Constitutive Model 138
Realization of the Elastic-Plastic Damage Constitutive Equation of Mesoscopic Element 138
Establishment of Concrete Random Defects 138
Concrete Failure Test Under Static And Dynamic Loads 139
Establishment of Numerical Sample of Concrete Beam 139
Concrete Failure Test Under the Static Load 140
Concrete Failure Test Under the Dynamic Load of I 141
Concrete Failure Test Under the Dynamic Load of II 143
Damage Test of Concrete Beam Column 144
Conclusion 147
References 148
11 Influence of Working Vehicles on Traffic Operation in Regional Road Networks Based on Microscopic Traffic Simulation 149
Abstract 149
Introduction 150
Literature Review 151
Objectives and Contributions 152
Research Method 153
Research Approach 153
Simulation Methodology 153
Paramics Modeler Module 154
Data Analysis Module 155
Case Study 156
Network Descriptions 156
Network Traffic Delay Analysis 158
Traffic Delay Caused by Working Vehicle’s Speed and Driving Lane 158
Traffic Delay Caused by Working Vehicle’s Operation Time 161
Road Segment Safety Analysis Based on Speed Variance as Surrogate 162
Analysis of Six Representative Links Safety Under Different Working Strategy 163
The Difference Analysis of Links Accident Risk Compared with no Working Vehicle 165
Conclusion 167
Acknowledgements 168
References 168
12 Research on Comparison of Tram with BRT 170
Abstract 170
Introduction 170
Transportation Capability 171
Velocity 172
Maximum Operating Speed 172
Acceleration and Deceleration 173
Intersection Priority 173
Stop Time on Station 173
Economical Efficiency 174
Energy Consumption 176
Influence of Speed on the Unit Energy Consumption 176
Influence of Load Factor on the Unit Energy Consumption 177
Conclusion 178
References 178
13 Analysis of Speed Characteristics of Different Types of Drivers at a Certain Cruise Speed 180
Abstract 180
Introduction 180
Driver Sample Data Processing Method 181
Driver Sample Clustering Process 181
Least Squares Fitting of Statistical Parameters 184
Analysis of Driving Speed Change in the Cruise Conditions 185
Analysis of Velocity Frequency Distribution of Different Types of Drivers in the Cruise Conditions 188
Analysis of Relative Velocity Distribution of Different Types of Drivers in the Cruise Conditions 188
Summary 190
Acknowledgements 191
References 191
14 A Research on Traffic Conflicts Between Vehicle and Pedestrian on Urban Typical Road Section 192
Abstract 192
Introduction 192
Method 193
Conflicts Types 193
Conflicts Data 194
Data Analysis 194
Analysis of Individual Driving Behavior 194
Analysis of Individual Pedestrian Crossing Behavior 195
Analysis of Conflict Samples 195
Result 197
Pedestrian Conflict Features 197
Vehicle Conflict Features 198
Discussion 198
Conclusion 199
Acknowledgements 200
References 200
15 Automotive Fire Simulation Based on Pyrosim 201
Abstract 201
Introduction 201
Constructing Automotive Fire Model 202
Mesh 202
Materials 202
Surface 203
Fire 203
Obstruction 203
Tiny Elements Construction 204
Copy and Rotation 204
Import the File in dwf 205
Device 206
Slice of Temperature 206
Parameters 206
Model 206
Analysis of Simulation Results 207
The Result of the Smoke Detector 207
The Results of the Thermocouples 208
The Results of the Temperature Slice 210
Conclusion 213
References 213
16 Passenger Flow Distribution Model Under the Interruption of Urban Rail Transit Network 215
Abstract 215
Introduction 215
Factors Influencing Stranded Passengers’ Route Selection in Urban Rail Transit 216
NL Model of Passenger Flow Redistribution 218
Random Utility Theory 218
NL Model Establishment 218
Applied Case 220
SP Survey 220
Determination of Characteristic Variables and Utility Functions 221
Parameter Calibration and Test 222
Conclusions 224
Acknowledgements 224
References 224
17 Path Selection Research with Digestion Index 226
Abstract 226
Introduction 226
Network Description 227
Traffic Dynamic 227
Path Selection 228
Conclusion 232
Acknowledgements 232
References 232
18 Dynamic Timetables Optimization Method of Regional Public Transit Under APTS 234
Abstract 234
Introduction 234
Strategy for Bus Scheduling Based on Dynamic Operation Timetables 236
Defining the Model 237
Basic Assumption 238
Modeling 239
Parameter Calibration 240
Determining the Weight of Lines 240
Determining the Weight of Transfer Stations 240
Determining the Weight of Various Kinds of Waiting Time 241
Determining the Upper and Lower Limits of Variables 241
Solving Model 241
Example Analysis 244
Example Designing 244
Result Analysis 244
Conclusion 247
References 247
19 Study on the Low-Carbon Operating Evaluation Model in Expressway Rest Area 249
Abstract 249
Introduction 249
The Connotation of Low-Carbonization Management of Expressway Service Area 250
Expressway Service Area 250
Low-Carbonization Management of Expressway Service Area 250
The Low-Carbon Operation Evaluation System of Expressway Service Area 251
The Evaluation Framework Building of Low Carbon Operated in SERVICE Area 251
Evaluation Index and Quantification of Service Area 253
Evaluation Method of Low-Carbon Operation to Freeway Service Zone 255
Weight of Index Obtained by AHP Method 255
Low-Carbon Operation Evaluation of Service Areas Based on TOPSIS 257
Application 258
Determination the Weight of Indicators Based on AHP 258
Low-Carbon Evaluation of Three Service Areas Based on TOPSIS 259
Conclusion 262
References 263
20 An Analysis of the Taxi-Sharing Organizing and Pricing 264
Abstract 264
Introduction 265
Literature Review 266
The Taxi-sharing Matching and Route Choice Model 267
The Based Taxi-sharing Matching and Route Choice Model 267
The Improved Taxi-sharing Matching and Route Choice Model 269
The Taxi-sharing Pricing Method 270
The Equity Issue of the Fare Allocation 270
The Payment in Turn 271
The Payment Based on the Number of Passengers 271
The Payment Based on the Travel Distance 271
The Payment Considering the Waiting Time 272
The Generalized Pricing Method of the Taxi Sharing 272
Suggestions 273
The Taxi-sharing Organizing Assisted by a Company/Agent 274
The Call-a-Ride Used by the Driver and the Passenger 274
Conclusion and Future Research 274
Acknowledgments 275
References 275
21 Analyzing the Influences of Driver Distractions Based on Driver’s Subjective Cognition 278
Abstract 278
Introduction 278
Methods 279
Questionnaire Design 279
Procedure 280
Respondents 280
Reliability and Validity Analysis 281
Results and Discussion 281
The Frequency and Severity of Driver Distractions 281
Driver Personal Characteristics in the Frequency of Driver Distractions 283
Driver Distraction by Gender and Profession 283
Driver Distraction by Age 284
Driver Distraction by Driving Experience 287
The Classification of Driver Distractions 287
Conclusion 291
References 292
22 Origin-Destination Distribution Prediction Model for Public Bicycles Based on Rental Characteristics 294
Abstract 294
Introduction 294
OD Distribution Prediction Model 296
General Form of the Doubly Constrained Gravity Model 296
Distribution Impedance Function 297
Algorithm Design 298
Model Testing 298
Conclusion 303
Acknowledgements 304
References 304
23 Study on Selection Methods of Speed Control Measures for Low Grade Roads in Rural–Urban Fringe 305
Abstract 305
Introduction 305
Selection of Speed Control Measures 307
Applicability of Speed Control Measures 307
Suggested Countermeasures of Speed Control on Special Segments 309
Segments with Bad Linearity and Segments Crossing Villages and Towns 310
Abrupt Change of Road Cross-Section 310
Non-signal Control Intersection and Pedestrian Crosswalk 310
Regions Near Access Entry 312
Case Study 313
Overview About the Segment 313
Field Survey 313
Selection of Speed Control Measures 314
Conclusion 315
Acknowledgements 315
References 316
24 Effects of Driver Fatigue and Road Curvature on Steering Wheel Angle 317
Abstract 317
Introduction 317
Method 318
Subjects 318
Driving Simulator 319
Experimental Procedure 319
Recorded Variables 320
Data Classification 320
Face Video Data Classification 320
Road Video Data Classification 321
Steering Wheel Angle Data Classification 321
Results 321
Mean Steering Wheel Angle 321
Effects of Road Curvature 321
Effects of Driver Fatigue 323
Standard Deviation of Steering Angle 323
Effects of Road Curvature 323
Effects of Driver Fatigue 324
Coefficient of Variation of Steering Angle 324
Discussion 324
Acknowledgements 326
References 326
25 Requirements Analysis of Operation Monitoring for Electric Vehicle in Transportation Industry 329
Abstract 329
Introduction 330
Charging/Discharging Characteristics 331
Impact of Battery Temperature on the Operation Capability 332
Impact of Battery Aging on the Operation Safety 334
Conclusion 336
References 337
26 Study on the Establishment of Vulnerability Source Evaluation Model for the Road Traffic Safety 338
Abstract 338
Introduction 338
Transportation Complexity 339
Complexity Judgment 339
Vulnerability Model of Traffic 340
Evaluation Model of Vulnerability Source of Traffic System 341
The Establishment of Traffic System Vulnerability Source Level Map 342
Construction of the Priority Matrix 342
Fuzzy Consistent Matrix 342
The Relative Importance 342
Hierarchical Ordering 343
The Vulnerability Source Evaluation of Road Traffic Safety 343
Road Traffic Accident Hierarchy Figure 343
Model 344
Build the Priority Matrix 344
Fuzzy Consistent Matrix 344
Hierarchical Ordering 345
Conclusion 345
Acknowledgements 346
References 346
27 ABS Self-Adjustment Threshold Control Based on MATLAB 347
Abstract 347
Introduction 347
Establishing the Mathematical Model of Vehicle 348
The Establishment of ABS Logic Threshold Control and Adaptive Adjustment Algorithm 350
Control Effect 352
Conclusions 353
References 353
28 Failure Analysis of Metro Door System Based on Fuzzy TOPSIS 354
Abstract 354
Introduction 355
Principle and Mathematical Model of Fuzzy TOPSIS 355
Construct the Fuzzy Decision Matrix 356
Construct the Fuzzy Weighted Decision Matrix 356
Obtain the Closeness Coefficient 358
Confirm the Criticality Sequence 358
An Illustrative Example 359
Conclusion 361
Acknowledgements 362
References 362
29 The Gradation Relationship Model and Application of Urban Multimodal Transit Networks 363
Abstract 363
Introduction 363
The Model of Residents’ Transit Trip Distance Distribution 365
The Model of Preponderant Trip Distance of Each Transit Network 367
The Generalized Cost of Residents’ Transit Trip 367
The Establishment of Preponderant Trip Distance Model of Each Transit Network 369
The Model of Urban Multimodal Transit Networks Grade Configuration 371
Case Study 374
The Model of Preponderant Trip Distance of Each Transit Network 374
The Preponderant Trip Distance of Each Transit Network in Harbin 375
The Determination of the Travel Proportion of Each Transit Network 375
Discussion and Conclusion 377
Acknowledgements 378
References 378
30 Study on Emergency Response Process of Metro Emergency Based on Stochastic Petri Nets 380
Abstract 380
Introduction 380
Analysis on Emergency Response Process of Metro Emergency 381
Early Warning Stage Process 381
Decision-Making Stage Process 381
Implementation Stage Process 382
Emergency Recovery Stage Process 382
Metro Emergency Response Process SPN Model 383
Modeling Basic Principle 383
The SPN Model for Each Stage of Metro Emergency Response 384
Early Warning Stage SPN Mode 384
Decision-Making Stage SPN Mode 384
Implementation Stage SPN Mode 385
Emergency Recovery Stage SPN Mode 386
The SPN Mode of Metro Emergency Response 387
The SPN Mode Performance Analysis 388
Reachability Graph of SPN Mode 388
A Case Study of Beijing Metro 389
Conclusions 392
Acknowledgements 392
References 392
31 Layout Optimization Design of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Based on Urban Parking Lot 394
Abstract 394
Introduction 394
Layout Optimization of Charging Station 395
The Principle of Preliminary Address of Charging Station 395
Analysis of Influence Factors of Charging Station Distribution 395
Optimization Model for the Location 396
User’s Social Costs C1 396
The Investment Cost of Building Additional Charge Station C2 398
The Economic Loss of Parking Lot C3 399
Site Layout Optimization Model 399
Case Analysis 400
Conclusions 401
Acknowledgements 401
References 401
32 Study on the Changes of EEG Signal and Driving Behavior Based on the Driving Simulator 403
Abstract 403
Introduction 403
Materials and Methods 404
Experimental Equipment 404
Experiment Participants 404
Experiment Design 405
EEG Data Collection and Preprocessing 405
EEG Energy of Each Frequency Band 405
Results 406
EEG Data Analysis and Discussion 406
Driving Simulator Data Analysis and Discussion 410
Conclusions 412
Acknowledgements 413
References 413
33 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Speed Bumps: An Empirical Study in Campus 415
Abstract 415
Introduction 415
Data Collection 416
Data Analysis 418
Deceleration Effectiveness Evaluation 420
Conclusions 421
Acknowledgements 421
References 421
34 Traffic Signal Optimization Based on System Equilibrium and Bi-level Multi-objective Programming Model 423
Abstract 423
Introduction 423
Bi-level Programming Problem 425
Bi-level Multi-objective Programming Model 425
The Upper-Level Model 425
The Lower-Level Model 427
Bi-level Multi-objective Programming Model 427
Heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 428
Numerical Application 428
? = 0, ? = 1 429
? = 0.5, ? = 0.5 430
The Comparison of Optimization Results 430
Summary 431
References 431
35 Research on Fundamental Solutions to Curb Parking Problems in City 433
Abstract 433
Background 433
Fundamental Solutions to Curb Parking Problems 434
Perfection of Public Transportation System 434
Encouraging the Construction of Mechanical Three-Dimensional Parking Lot 436
Prohibition of Raising Parking Fee Blindly 437
Perfection of Park-and-Ride Facilities 437
Improvement of Overall Information Intelligent Parking Guidance System 438
Conclusions 439
References 439
36 Empirical Analysis of Hypothetical Bias in Stated-Preference Experiments 440
Abstract 440
Introduction 441
Literature Review 442
Data Spectrum for Empirical Analysis 443
Notation 443
Experimental Design 444
Data Description 445
Identifying HB in Market Share Prediction 447
Stage 1: Selection 447
Stage 2: Calibration 450
Stage 3: Simulation 451
HB Measurement by VOT 452
Improvement on VOT Model 452
Result Discussion 453
Conclusions and Future Work 454
Acknowledgements 455
References 455
37 Real-Time Density-Based on-Ramp Metering Algorithm Considering Multi-Lane of Mainstream 457
Abstract 457
Introduction 458
Literature Review 459
On-ramp Metering Algorithm 460
Objective 460
Algorithm 461
Simulation and Discussion 466
Simulation 466
Result Discussion 467
Conclusion 468
Acknowledgements 469
References 469
38 Vehicle Driving Characteristics on Rural Highways and the Evaluation of Stability Performance Based on Lorenz Scatter Plot 471
Abstract 471
Introduction 471
Method and Material 473
Data Collection 473
Types of Vehicle Driving Trajectory on Rural Highways 473
The Evaluation Analysis of Vehicle Driving Stability on Different Trajectories 474
The Lorenz Scatter Plot 475
The Lorenz Scatter Plot in Analysis of Vehicle Handling Stability 476
Indicator to Reflect Vehicle Driving Stability 479
Vehicle Driving Stability on Different Types of Driving Trajectories 481
Discussion 483
Conclusions 484
Acknowledgements 485
References 485
39 Pedestrian Detection and Counting in Crowded Scenes 487
Abstract 487
Introduction 488
Methodology 490
Detection Region Configuration 491
Human Head Detection 492
Candidate Head Region 492
Head Contour Extraction 495
Head Localization 496
Matching 498
Experimental Results 499
Conclusion 501
Acknowledgments 501
References 502
40 Coordinated Carpool Route Selection and Optimization for Dynamic Uncertain Demand Based on Connected Vehicles 504
Abstract 504
Introduction 505
Review on Related Researches 505
Algorithm on Coordinated Carpool Route Selection with Dynamic Uncertain Demand 506
Solve the Distance and Cost by Dijkstra’s Algorithm and Distance Matrix Algorithm 507
Solve the Distance Between Any Two Nodes and Construct the Cost Function by Distance Matrix 508
Distance Matrix 508
Calculate the Total Cost of Unit Distance of the Route 509
Calculate the Travel Time Using Resistance Function 509
Comprehensive Weight Calculation 511
Selection and Optimization of Coordinated Carpool Route Based on Dynamic and Uncertain Demand—a Case Study of Huai’an, Jiangsu 511
Conclusion 515
Acknowledgements 516
References 516
41 A Research on Traffic Conflict Characteristics of Vehicles Going Straight or Turning Right at Large Intersections 518
Abstract 518
Introduction 518
Data Description 519
Introduction to the Intersection 519
Investigation Method of Conflict 520
Analytical Methods of Traffic Conflicts 520
Conflict Analysis 520
Analysis of Conflict Severity 520
Analysis of Time Distribution Characteristics 521
Classification of the Peak and the Flat 521
Comparison of Conflict Rates 522
Comparison of Severity Degrees 522
Analyses of Space Distribution Characteristics 524
Region Division 524
Comparison of Conflict Rates 524
Comparison of Severity Levels 525
Conclusion 526
References 526
42 Summary and Development Trend of Traffic Equilibrium Research 527
Abstract 527
Introduction 528
The Cognition of Traffic Equilibrium and Its Research Status 528
The Principles of Traffic Equilibrium: User Equilibrium and System Optimum 528
The Predicament of Balanced Traffic Assignment Models 529
The Dilemma of Traffic Demand Management in Reality 530
The Status of Research on Realization Mechanism of Traffic Equilibrium 530
Dynamic System Models Based on Day-to-Day Dynamics of Traffic Flow 531
The Evolutionary Dynamics Based on Evolutionary Game Theory 532
The Learning Model Based on Individual Behavior 532
The Development and Prospect of Researches on Realization Mechanisms of Traffic Equilibrium 533
The Development Direction of Researches on Realization Mechanisms of Traffic Equilibrium 533
Complex Adaptive System Theory and Its Application in Social and Economic Fields 533
The Prospect of Applying Complex Adaptive System Theory to Research the Realization Mechanism of Traffic Equilibrium 534
Conclusion 535
References 536
43 Traffic Network Structure of Internet of Vehicles 539
Abstract 539
Introduction 539
Network Model 541
Communication Technology 542
Component Connectivity 544
Connectivity Between Vehicle and Vehicle 544
Connectivity Between Vehicle and Infrastructure 545
Connectivity Between Vehicle and Person 546
In-Vehicle Communication 547
Challenges 548
Conclusion 549
Acknowledgements 549
References 549
44 Prediction of Urban Rail Traffic Flow Based on Multiply Wavelet-ARIMA Model 551
Abstract 551
Introduction 552
Wavelet-ARIMA Model Building Process 553
Introduction of Principle 554
Denoising Principle Based on Wavelet Analysis 554
Product Model of ARIMA 556
Experimental Analysis 557
Missing Data 557
Wavelet Analysis 558
ARIMA Model 559
Model Validation 564
Conclusions 565
Acknowledgements 565
References 565
45 Simulation of Rural Vehicle Emissions Using Instantaneous Emission Model 567
Abstract 567
Introduction 567
Experimental Section 568
Tested Vehicles 569
Testing Equipments 569
Instantaneous Emission Model 570
Results and Discussions 571
Conclusions 574
Acknowledgements 574
References 574
46 Vehicle Routing Model and Algorithm Study for the Network of Container Transportation with Dumping Trailers Under Hard Time Window Constraint 576
Abstract 576
Introduction 576
Study Overview 577
Model Building 578
Model Overview 578
Hypotheses 578
Parameter and Variable Setting 579
Objective Function 580
Constraint Conditions 580
Solution Algorithm 581
Case Analysis 582
Conclusion 584
Acknowledgements 584
References 585
47 A Dynamic Model of Post-disaster Search and Rescue Considering Information Uncertainty 586
Abstract 586
Introduction 586
The Assumptions 588
The Behavior of Search and Rescue 588
The Basic Assumption 588
The Expected Search Time and Waiting Time 589
The Expected Search Time 589
Waiting Time 590
The Influence of Information on SAR 591
The Uncertain Information and Distribution Model 592
The Distribution of SAR Teams 592
The Distribution Model 593
A Solution Algorithm 593
Conclusion 594
Acknowledgements 595
References 595
48 Study on Optimization and Adjustment Method of Urban Public Transport Network Based on Evolutionary Analysis 596
Abstract 596
Introduction 597
The Complexity Analysis of Evolution 597
Evolutionary Basis 597
Complexity of Network Entitlement Evolution 597
Complexity of Evolutionary Mechanism 598
Evolutionary of Models 598
Evolutionary of Model Construction 598
Evolutionary Mechanism 599
Model Evolutionary Processes and Algorithms 600
Simulation Analysis 601
Optimization and Adjustment of Model 603
Evolutionary Model Construction 603
Evolutionary Mechanism 603
Model Evolutionary Processes and Algorithms 604
Simulation Analysis 604
Conclusions 605
Acknowledgments 606
References 606
49 A Classification Method for Accesses on Suburban Highway 607
Abstract 607
Introduction 607
Methodology 608
Preliminary Classification 608
Soundness Verification 610
Evaluation Index 610
T-Test 610
Data Collection 611
Investigation Method 611
Essential Data 611
Data Analysis 612
Conflict Rate 612
Significance Test of Classification 613
Conclusion 614
Acknowledgments 614
References 614
50 A New Method of Code Generation for MC9S12 ECU 615
Abstract 615
Introduction 615
Method 616
C# Interface Development 617
Low Driver Development 619
Process Layer MATLAB 620
Results 621
Conclusion 624
References 625
51 Simulation and Evaluation of Guidance Strategies in the Park and Ride Condition 626
Abstract 626
Introduction 627
Feedback Traffic Guidance Strategies 628
Dynamic User Equilibrium 628
Feedback Guidance Strategies 629
Bang-Bang Strategy 629
P Strategy 629
PI Strategy 630
Multimodal Traffic Travel Cost Model 630
The Generalized Travel Cost of the Road Network 630
The Generalized Travel Cost of the Metro Network 631
Simulation Test 631
Description of the Test Network 631
Simulation Parameter Design 632
Simulation Results 632
Conclusion 633
Acknowledgements 636
References 636
52 Study on Evaluation Method of Reconstruction and Extension Expressway Alignment Based on Operating Speed 638
Abstract 638
Introduction 639
Analysis on Alignment Evaluation Index 639
Basic Requirements of Expressway Alignment Design 639
Evaluation Method of Expressway Alignment 639
Existing Research Review 640
Establishment of Alignment Adaptability Evaluation System 640
Selection of Evaluation Indicators 640
Continuity Evaluation Index 640
Comfort Evaluation Index 641
Safety Evaluation Index 641
Establishment of Alignment Adaptability Evaluation Model 642
Solution of Model Coefficients 644
Engineering Application 645
Data Acquisition 646
Calculation of Alignment Adaptive Coefficient 646
Conclusions 650
References 650
53 Transfer Passenger Distribution Prediction on Flow Lines in Transportation Terminal 652
Abstract 652
Introduction 652
Forecasting Method 653
Traffic Assignment Model 653
Required Data for Forecasting 654
Case Study 654
Passenger Flow Analysis 654
Passenger Flow Assignment on Transfer Flow Lines 655
Optimization on Flow Lines 658
Conclusion 658
Acknowledgements 659
References 659
54 Critical Safety Distance Model of Human-Vehicle Unit Based on Traffic Conflict at Urban Intersections 660
Abstract 660
Introduction 660
Analysis of Driver Behavior 661
Critical Conflict Zone Model at Intersections 662
Conflict Analysis at Intersections 662
Critical Conflict Distance Model in Conflict Points 663
Critical Conflict Distance Model in Merging Points 666
Calculation Examples 668
Conclusions 670
References 671
55 Research on the Vehicle–Bicycle Conflict Model at Signalized Intersection 672
Abstract 672
Introduction 672
Analysis of the Traffic Conflict Type 673
Two-Phase Signalized Intersection 673
Three-Phase Signalized Intersection 674
Establishment of Conflict Model 675
Analysis of the Actual Examination 678
Conclusions 679
References 679
56 Research of Variable Lane Control Method in the Emergency Evacuation Area 681
Abstract 681
Introduction 681
The Establishment of the Model of Controlling the Variable Lane Based on Traffic Network 682
Algorithm Based on Harmony Search 684
Simulation Verify 685
Simulation Data Instruction 685
Designing Simulation Environment 687
Analyze the Outcome of Comparison 688
Conclusion 690
Acknowledgements 690
References 690
57 Modeling the Traction Energy Consumption for Urban Rail Line Considering Operation Characteristics 692
Abstract 692
Introduction 693
Literature Review 693
Energy Consumption Modeling 695
Dynamics Analysis of Urban Rail Transit Train Operation 696
Explanatory Variables 698
Model Structure 699
Data 701
Results and Discussion 701
Parameters Estimation 701
Model Validation 703
Model Improving Based on Seasonal Variation 703
Conclusions 706
Acknowledgements 707
References 707
58 Calculation Method of Traffic Capacity in Airport Curbside 709
Abstract 709
Introduction 709
Traffic Characteristics in Airport Departure Curbside 710
Curbside Layout 710
Influencing Factors 711
Arrival Rate 711
Parking Time 711
Headway 711
Number of Parking Spaces 712
Departure Curbside Capacity Analysis 712
Parking Lane 712
Transit Lane 712
Weaving Lane 713
Assumptions 713
Model Construction 713
Non-overflow of Parking Lane 714
Overflow of Parking Lane 714
Departure Curbside Service Capacity Model 714
Lane Group with Two Lanes 715
Lane Group with Three Lanes 715
Case Study 715
BCIA T3 Terminal Curbside Layout 715
Traffic Characteristics 716
Arrival of the Curbside 716
Parking Time 717
Headway 718
Curbside Service Capacity Analysis 718
Simulation 718
Conclusion 720
References 720
59 Analysis of an Intersection Based on Active Priority Strategies 721
Abstract 721
Introduction 721
Active Priority Strategy and Parameter Optimizing 722
Minimum Green Time 723
Green Extension Time by Unit 724
Maximum Green Time 724
Evaluation Index of a Signal Control Intersection 724
Case Study 725
General Situation of the Intersection 726
Optimizing of Current Fixed-Time Signal Control 726
The Process of Active Priority Strategy 727
The Configuration of Detectors 727
The Control Parameters of APS 728
Programming of APS 728
Analysis of Simulation 731
Conclusion 733
References 733
60 Study on Evaluation Index System of Urban Green Traffic Planning 735
Abstract 735
Introduction 735
Evaluation Objectives 736
Evaluation Contents and Procedures 737
Evaluation Index Selection 737
Evaluation Indicators of Pedestrian Traffic Planning 739
Evaluation Indicators of Public Transport Planning 740
Bicycle Traffic Planning Evaluation Index 742
Environmental Impact Indicators 743
Passenger and Freight Transport Evaluation Index 744
Conclusion 745
References 745
61 Analyzing the Relationship Between Urban Macroeconomic Development and Transport Infrastructure System Based on Neural Network 747
Abstract 747
Introduction 748
Data Preparation 748
Selection of the Independent Variable Indicators 748
Selection of the Dependent Variable Indicators 749
Extraction Factor Based on PCA 751
Reliability Analysis 751
Factors Extraction Base on PCA 751
Established Model Based on BP Neural Network 752
Function Selection 752
Established the Model 753
Case Study 753
Data Preparation and Analysis 754
Reliability Analysis 754
Factors Extraction Base on PCA 755
Established the Model 755
Conclusion Analysis 757
Conclusion 758
References 758
62 Real-Time Traffic Incident Detection with Classification Methods 760
Abstract 760
Introduction 761
Data Description 762
Methodology 762
Support Vector Machine (SVM) 762
Naïve Bayes (NB) 763
Cart Algorithm 764
AdaBoost-Cart (ACT) 765
Performance Criteria 766
Result 767
Parameter Selection 767
Comparison 769
Conclusion 770
Acknowledgements 770
References 770
63 Mobile Internet+ Campus Bicycle Sharing System Planning 772
Abstract 772
Introduction 772
The General Design of Campus Bicycle Sharing System 773
Design Concept 773
System Structure 773
System Component Description 774
Management Protocol 774
Planning of Sharing Stations 774
Design of Intelligent Dynamic Password Lock 777
Client Application Design 778
Application Prospect 779
Conclusion 779
Acknowledgment 780
References 780
64 Analysis of the Homogeneity of Driver Behaviors at Intersections 781
Abstract 781
Introduction 781
Methods 783
Basic Information of the Intersection Surveyed 783
Data Processing and Analysis 784
Analysis of Driver Behaviors 785
Analysis of Vehicle Velocities 785
Analysis of the Homogeneity of Vehicle Trajectories 787
Conclusions 789
Acknowledgements 790
References 790
65 Comparative Analysis of the Public Transit Modes Based on Urban Area Location Theory 791
Abstract 791
Introduction 791
Definition of New District 792
Comparison Among Public Transit Modes Oriented in the New District 792
Comparison Between BRT and Rail Transit 792
Comparison Between BRT and Traditional Bus 795
Conclusion 798
Acknowledgements 798
References 798
66 Survival Analysis on Passing Time of Minor Vehicle’s Road Crossing at Un-Signalized Intersection in China 800
Abstract 800
Introduction 801
Literature Review 802
Data 804
Test Sites 804
Data Collection 804
Videotape Coding 804
Model 806
Survival Analysis and Hazard-Based Duration Model 807
Empirical Results 808
The Analysis of Passing Time 809
Effects of Explanatory Variables 810
The Model of Passing Time 1 811
The Model of Passing Time 2 812
The Model of Whole Passing Time 813
Conclusions 814
Acknowledgements 815
References 815
67 The Detection and Precision Analysis of Bright Color Vehicles Based on Remote Sensing Image 817
Abstract 817
Introduction 817
The Extraction Method of Bright Color Vehicles from Remote Sensing Image 818
The Image Enhancement 818
Image Segmentation 819
The Image Classification 819
The Extraction of Bright Color Vehicles 820
Accuracy Evaluation 822
Conclusion 823
Acknowledgements 823
References 823
68 Segment Division Analysis of the Low-Grade Roads Traffic Flow Access in Suburban Area 824
Abstract 824
Introduction 824
Characteristics of Road Section 825
Segment Division of Roads 825
General Rules of Classification 825
Qualitative Divisions 826
Study on Division Methods 826
Specific Division 826
Quantitative Divisions 827
Study on Division Methods 827
Specific Division 828
Case Study 833
Traffic Survey 833
Sector Divisions 833
Conclusion 835
References 836
69 Study on the Geometric Design Method of Access on the Urban Fringe and Villages Segment 837
Abstract 837
Background 837
Methodology 839
Data Analysis 839
The Influencing Factors of Minimum Turning Speed on the Access 839
Influence of Access Speed on Traffic Safety 841
Reducing the Risk of Serious Traffic Conflict Within the Scope of Access 841
Reducing the Accident Risk of Pedestrian and Non-Motorized Vehicle in the Area of Access 841
Study on Access Design Speed 843
Case Study of Improving Access Geometry Design 844
Situation of the Access and Security Risk Analysis 844
Design of Access Geometry Improvement Scheme 845
Evaluation of Geometric Design Improvement Scheme for Access 847
Conclusions and Prospects 849
References 849
70 Stochastic Traffic Assignment Model Considering Park & Ride Network and Travel Time Reliability
Abstract 851
Introduction 852
Literature Review 852
Traffic Assignment Model Based on P& R and Network Reliability
Travel Time Reliability Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Link 854
Calculation of Travel Time Reliability Refers to the Transfer Between Motor Vehicle and Subway 855
Function of Travel Cost 856
Modeling Structure 857
Solution Algorithm 858
Initialization 858
Updating the Link Travel Cost 859
Determining the Search Direction 859
Updating Link Traffic Flow 859
Convergence Criterion 859
Empirical Application 860
Conclusion 863
Acknowledgements 863
References 863
71 Inverse Kinematics Model’s Parameter Simulation for Stewart Platform Design of Driving Simulator 865
Abstract 865
Introduction 865
Research Method 866
Inverse Kinematics of the Stewart Platform 867
Program Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink 869
Simulation Experiment 871
Simulation Results and Discussion 872
Simulation of Bump Scene 872
Simulation of Pitch Scene 873
Simulation of Yaw Scene 874
Conclusion 875
Acknowledgements 875
References 875
72 Grid-Based Framework for Railway Track Health Evaluation 877
Abstract 877
Introduction 877
Definition and Division of Track Grids 879
Condition Evalutaion of Track Grids 880
A Condition Evaluation Index System of Track Grids 880
Track Grid Health Index 880
Railway Track Grid Health Evaluation Framework 881
Core Components 881
PCA Model 882
Hybrid Hierarchical k-Means Clustering Model 882
Empirical Analysis 883
Overview 883
Analysis of Results 884
Evaluation of Results 886
Conclusions 890
Acknowledgments 890
References 890
73 Efficiency Evaluation Model of Car Sharing for Low-Income People 892
Abstract 892
Introduction 892
Literature Review 893
Efficiency Evaluation Model of Car Sharing in Big Cities of China 894
Basic Method 894
Comparing with AHP and FCE 894
Evaluation Index System of Car Sharing 895
Date Analysis 895
Definition of Low-Income People 895
Travel Characters of Low-Income People 897
Efficiency Evaluation Model of Car Sharing for Low-Income People 898
Evaluation Index System 898
Calculation of Evaluation Indexes 899
Calculation of Efficiency Evaluation Model 899
Results 899
Conclusions 900
Acknowledgements 900
References 901
74 Railway Energy Consumption Analysis Based on Regression Model 902
Abstract 902
Analysis of the Energy Consumption Factors of Railway Transportation 903
Relative Analysis of the Energy Consumption of the Railway Transportation 904
Regression Model of the Energy Consumption of the Railway Transportation 906
Regression Analysis of the Comprehensive Energy Consumption Per Unit Transportation Workload 908
Regression Analysis of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 909
Conclusion 910
Acknowledgements 911
References 911
75 Research on Parking Choice Model Based on Shared Private Parking Space 912
Abstract 912
Introduction 913
Choice Factors for Shared Private Parking 913
Parking Choice Model for Shared Private Parking 916
Initial Selection 916
Alternative Optimal Route Selection 916
Shared private parking finalization 919
Application 922
Conclusion 925
References 925
76 Mining Method for Road Traffic Network Synchronization Control Area 926
Abstract 926
Introduction 926
Road Traffic Network Modularity Construction 927
Weight Calculation 927
Road Traffic Network Modularity Modeling 928
Partition of Synchronous Control Area based on Road Traffic Network Modularity 929
The Identification of Key Node 929
Condensation Algorithm of Road Traffic Network Modularity Maximized 930
Steps of Synchronous Control Area Partition 931
Model Validation 932
Conclusions 935
Acknowledgements 936
References 936
77 Research of Embedded Real-Time Passenger Flow Detection Equipment 937
Abstract 937
Introduction 938
Algorithm Design of Passenger Flow Detection Equipment 938
The Structure and Hardware Design of the Passenger Flow Detection Equipment 941
Structure of Passenger Flow Detection Equipment 941
Hardware Design of Passenger Flow Detection Equipment 942
Software Design of Passenger Flow Detection Equipment 943
Software Design of Intelligent Video Analysis Unit 943
Software Design of Equipment Management Unit 945
Software Design of Video Transmission Unit 945
Result of Experiment 945
Conclusion 947
Acknowledgments 947
References 947
78 Optimal Model of Timetable Under the Influence of Train Speed on the Utilization Rate of Regenerative Braking 949
Abstract 949
Introduction 949
Problem Description and Modeling 952
Experimental Studies 957
Conclusions 961
Acknowledgements 962
References 962
79 Analysis of Spatial–Temporal Characteristics Based on Mobile Phone Data 965
Abstract 965
Introduction 965
Collection of Mobile Phone Data 966
Interpretation of Mobile Phone Signaling 966
Mobile Phone Data Denoising 966
Analysis of Mobile Phone Data Application in Urban Transportation Planning 968
Analysis of the Application of the Mobile Phone Data 968
Research Framework of Urban Traffic Characteristics of Mobile Phone Data 969
Research Area 970
Key Technologies of Trip Characteristics Analysis Based on Mobile Phone Data 970
OD Estimation 970
Recognition of the Purpose of Trips 971
Links Counts Detection 972
Conclusion 973
References 973
80 Analysis of Connection Mode and Type Between Regional Line and Urban Line of Urban Rail Transit 975
Abstract 975
Introduction 975
Analysis of Influencing Factors on Connection Mode 976
Influence of Basic Characteristics of the City on the Connection of Regional Line and Urban Line 976
Influence of Hierarchical System of Rail Transit System on the Connection of Regional Line and Urban Line 977
Influence of Passenger Flow on the Connection of Regional Line and Urban Line 977
Analysis of Connection Mode and Type Between Regional Line and Urban Line 978
Transferring at Single Point 978
Connection Mode and Types 978
Single Point of Convergence Transfer Problems that Need Attention 978
Select the Point of Convergence 979
Transferring at Multi-points 979
Connection Mode and Types 979
Functional Orientation After Regional Line Introduced to the Urban Segment 980
The Selection of Rout Position and Connection Points After Regional Line Is Introduced to the City Center 980
Collinear Operation 981
Connection Modes and Type 981
Collinear Adaptation Convergence Condition 982
Organization of Collinear 982
Conclusions 983
References 983
81 Demand Forecasting-Based Layout Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations 985
Abstract 985
Introduction 986
Forecasting Charging Demand 986
Forecasting Traditional Automobile Ownership 987
Forecasting Future EV Ownership 987
Forecasting the EV Charging Demand 988
Building the Model to Layout the Charging Stations 989
Locating the Charging Station in the Model Follows the Principles Below 989
Model to Build 989
Practical Example 992
Forecasting the Number of EVs 992
Calculating the Charging Demand 994
Locating the Charging Station 995
Conclusion 996
Acknowledgements 996
References 996
82 Geometric Safety Design of Freeway off-Ramp-Street Terminal Based on Traffic Flow Characteristic Analysis 998
Abstract 998
Introduction 999
Methodology 1000
Traffic Flow Characteristics of Terminal 1000
Geometric Safety Design of Terminal 1002
Site Selection of Terminal 1002
Key Points of Geometric Safety Design 1003
Case Study 1005
Current Situation of the Terminal 1005
Geometric Safety Design of the Terminal 1005
Evaluation of the Improvement 1006
Conclusion 1007
References 1008
83 A Novel Planning of Vest-Pocket Park in Historic Urban Area in Metropolis: A Case Study of Beijing 1010
Abstract 1010
Introduction 1010
Study Area 1012
Data Analyses 1012
Analyses of Existing Parks 1012
Analyses of Population Density 1014
Analyses of Conservation and Utilization 1015
Problems and Solutions 1017
Problems of the Site 1017
Solutions and Planning Guidelines 1017
Methodology and Planning Scheme 1019
Methodology 1019
Planning According to Population Distribution Feature 1019
Suitability Evaluation 1019
Planning Scheme 1022
Conclusion 1027
References 1028
84 The Optimization of Intersection Signal in the Situation of Data Loss 1029
Abstract 1029
Introduction 1030
Intersection Situation and Data Collection 1031
Intersection Situation 1031
Traffic Acquisition and Processing 1031
Optimization of Intersection Signal Timing 1032
The Simulation and Analysis 1033
Conclusions 1036
Acknowledgements 1036
References 1036