Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Human Factors (eBook)

Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2017 6
Preface 8
Contents 10
Biomechanics and Ergonomic Modeling 15
Hand Arm Vibration, Grip Strength Assessment and the Prevalence of Health Disorders Among Stone Crushing Workers 16
Abstract 16
1 Introduction 16
2 Materials and Methods 17
3 Hand-Arm Vibration Measurement 19
4 Results and Discussion 20
4.1 Vibration Levels 20
4.2 Health Hazards and Working Conditions at Crushing Site 22
4.3 Grip Strength of Stone Crushing Workers 23
4.4 Hand Activity Level (HAL) Score Levels 24
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 25
References 25
Understanding Shoulder Injury 27
Abstract 27
1 Introduction 27
2 Basic Shoulder Anatomy 27
2.1 Bone Structure 28
2.2 Shoulder Joints 28
2.3 Shoulder Muscles and Their Actions 28
3 Shoulder Injury 29
3.1 Persistent Soreness, Pain 29
3.2 Shoulder Arthritis 29
3.3 Bursitis 29
3.4 Tendinitis 30
3.5 Impingement 30
3.6 Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis) 30
3.7 Rotator Cuff Injuries 30
4 Personal and Ergonomics Risk Factors 31
4.1 Age and Sex 31
4.2 Prior Upper Extremity Injury 31
4.3 Obesity 31
4.4 Genetics 31
4.5 Smoking 31
4.6 Sports Activities 32
5 Ergonomics Risk Factors 32
5.1 Posture 32
5.2 Repetition 32
5.3 Hand Arm Vibration (HAV) 33
5.4 Heavy Work, Exertion of Effort 33
5.5 Psychosocial Factors 33
5.6 Shoulder Safety Recommendations/Guides 33
References 34
Firing of a Cannon: Biomechanical Evaluation of Ergonomic Hazards 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Methods 37
2.1 Interviews 37
2.2 “Call for Fire” Exercise 38
3 Procedures 39
4 Results 40
4.1 Artillery Crew Injury Experience 40
4.2 Biomechanical 41
4.3 Errors and Crew Morale 44
5 Discussion and Conclusions 45
References 46
The Effects of a Combined Hip Flexion and Pelvis Movement Intervention on Postural Stability, Spinal ... 47
Abstract 47
1 Introduction 47
2 Methods 48
2.1 Participants 48
2.2 Design 48
3 Procedure 49
3.1 Maximal Functional Reach 49
3.2 Reaching and Lifting Task 49
3.3 Training Intervention 49
3.4 Randomisation of Trials 49
3.5 Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis 50
3.6 Biomechanical Model 50
3.7 Statistical Analysis 51
4 Results 51
4.1 Centre of Mass 51
4.2 Lumbar Bending Moment 52
4.3 Peak Trunk Flexion 52
5 Discussion 53
6 Conclusions 53
References 54
A Pilot Study of Gender Differences on Anthropometric Measurements in Singapore Population 55
Abstract 55
1 Introduction 55
2 Methods 56
2.1 Subjects 56
2.2 Body Dimensions 57
2.3 Apparatus 57
2.4 Procedure 58
2.5 Statistical Analysis 58
3 Results and Discussion 58
3.1 The Anthropometric Measurements of Singapore Males and Females 58
3.2 Gender Differences in the 37 Body Measurements and Compared to Previous Studies 59
3.3 Correlations Between Stature, Weight and the Other Selected Measurements 59
3.4 Limitations and Future Researches 62
4 Conclusions 62
Acknowledgements 63
References 63
Anthropometric Evaluation of the Design of the Classroom Desk for the Eighth and the Ninth Grades of Benghazi Schools 65
Abstract 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Method 66
2.1 Participants 66
2.2 Measures of Classroom Desk 66
2.3 Evaluation Criteria 66
3 Results 69
3.1 Results of Anthropometric Measurements 69
3.2 Results of the Comparison 69
3.2.1 Calculations of the Acceptable Upper and Lower Limits 69
3.3 Percentages of Match/Mismatch 70
3.4 Analysis and Discussion 71
4 Conclusions 71
References 72
The Biomechanics and Ergonomics of the Impact of Anti-fatigue Mats on Decreasing Whole Body Vibration 73
Abstract 73
1 Introduction 73
2 Literature Review 74
3 Methods 74
4 Materials 75
4.1 Reducing Stress 75
5 Experimental Investigation: Mats Vibration 75
6 Results and Discussions 77
7 Conclusion 78
Acknowledgments 78
References 79
Ergonomic Evaluation and Interventions 80
Development of an Ergonomic Evaluation Tool for Health-Promoting Physical Workplaces 81
Abstract 81
1 Introduction 81
2 Methods 82
3 Results 82
3.1 Bandwidth Model 82
3.2 Evaluation Methods 83
3.3 User Interface 84
4 Discussion 85
References 86
A Study of Incentive Stimulating Human Error Activity on Public Service 87
Abstract 87
1 Introduction 87
1.1 The Necessity of the Safety Activities for the Public Services 87
1.2 The Necessity of the Safety Activities for the Public Services 87
1.3 The Necessity of the Safety Activities for the Public Services 88
2 Suggestion 88
2.1 The Evaluation Method of the Safety Activities of the Public Service 88
2.2 The Reputation for the Public Company 88
2.3 The Reputation for the Public Services 89
2.4 The Effects to Social Community 89
3 Suggestion 90
4 Conclusion 91
References 92
An Interview Study on Children’s Spectacle Frame Fit 93
Abstract 93
1 Introduction 93
2 Method 94
2.1 Participants 94
2.2 Interview Design 94
3 Result 95
3.1 Interviews with Parents and Children 95
3.2 Interviews with Dispensing Staff 97
4 Discussion 98
4.1 Morphological Fit Problems 98
4.2 Comparison of Interview Statements 98
5 Conclusion 99
Acknowledgements 99
References 99
A Comparative Study of the Effects of Electrical Stimulation and Intermittent Compressive Forces on ... 101
Abstract 101
1 Introduction 101
2 Methods 102
2.1 Subjects 102
2.2 Instruments 102
2.3 Experimental Procedure 103
2.4 Data Analysis 105
3 Results and Discussion 107
4 Conclusions 107
Acknowledgements 107
References 108
Prospective Design of Seating Systems for Digitalized Working Worlds 110
Abstract 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Biomechanical View of Prolonged Sitting 111
3 Seating System for New Work 112
4 Design Approach 113
5 Conclusion 116
References 116
Human Factors Field Evaluation of a Blast Debris Protection Design Concept 118
Abstract 118
1 Introduction 118
2 Methods 119
2.1 Test Item 119
2.2 Test Participants 119
2.3 Test Procedures 120
3 Results 121
3.1 Fit and Comfort 121
3.2 Ease of Use 122
3.3 Performance Metrics 122
3.4 Mobility 123
3.5 Mission Activities 123
3.6 Compatibility 124
4 Conclusion 124
Acknowledgements 125
References 125
An Ergonomic Analysis of the Traditional Sorbetes Cart 126
Abstract 126
1 Background of the Study and Rationale 126
2 Problem Statement 127
3 Review of Related Literature 127
4 Methodology 127
5 Results and Discussion 128
5.1 Data Collection and Presentation 128
5.2 Pain Discomfort Survey (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire) 128
5.3 Postural Assessment (REBA) 129
5.4 Comparison Between the Results of REBA and Nordic Questionnaire 130
5.5 Cart Design 132
6 Conclusion 133
7 Recommendations 133
7.1 Pushing 133
7.2 Scooping 133
7.3 Cart Height 134
7.4 Handles 134
7.5 Brakes 134
8 Areas for Further Studies 134
References 134
Adoption of Construction Ergonomic Interventions on Building Construction Sites in Nigeria 136
Abstract 136
1 Introduction 136
2 Literature Review 137
2.1 Occupational Health and Safety 137
2.2 Health and Safety in Construction 137
2.3 Ergonomics in Construction 138
2.4 Ergonomics Interventions 138
3 Research Method 139
4 Research Findings 140
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 143
References 144
The Impact of Ergonomics Interventions on Musculoskeletal Injuries Among Construction Workers 146
Abstract 146
1 Introduction 146
2 Problem Statement 147
2.1 Aim of the Study 147
2.2 Objectives 148
2.3 Ergonomics in Perspective 148
2.4 Types of Musculoskeletal Injury 148
2.5 The Impact of Ergonomic Intervention 150
3 Research Methodology 150
3.1 Research Design 150
4 Findings and Discussion 151
4.1 Section of Which Artisan Responding Belongs 151
4.2 Types of Musculoskeletal Injuries 151
4.3 Types of Musculoskeletal Injuries Encountered by Respondents 151
4.4 The Factor of Musculoskeletal Injuries on the Activities of Construction Workers 151
4.5 Nature of Respondents’ Work 152
4.6 Effects of the Musculoskeletal Injuries on the Working Conditions of Respondents 152
4.7 Data Analysis from Medical Doctors at Cape Coast Teaching Hospital 153
5 Conclusion 154
5.1 Recommendations 154
Acknowledgements 154
References 155
Assessment in Office Work and Productivity 157
Abstract 157
1 Introduction 157
2 Materials and Methods 158
2.1 Reference Words 158
2.2 Search Sub-themes 159
2.3 Search Equations 159
3 Results 159
3.1 Ergonomic Assessment and Intervention in Office Work Activities 160
3.2 Typing on a Computer Keyboard 161
4 Conclusion 162
References 163
Evaluation of Bodily Discomfort of Employees in a Slaughterhouse 165
Abstract 165
1 Introduction 165
2 Methods 166
2.1 Participants 166
2.2 Instruments 167
2.3 Statistical Analysis 167
3 Results 167
4 Discussion 169
5 Conclusion 172
References 173
Physical Ergonomics 175
Use of Soft Tissue Properties for Ergonomic Product Design 176
Abstract 176
1 Introduction 176
2 Soft Tissues Properties and Product Design 177
3 Experimental Study 177
3.1 Participant 177
3.2 Equipment 178
3.3 Procedure 179
3.4 Results 179
4 Conclusion and Discussion 179
Acknowledgements 180
References 180
Assessment of Human Balance Due to Recoil Destabilization Using Smart Clothing 183
Abstract 183
1 Introduction 183
2 Materials and Methods 186
2.1 Subjects and Protocol 186
2.2 Instruments 187
2.3 Data Analysis 187
3 Discussion 190
4 Conclusion 191
Acknowledgements 191
References 191
Systems Anthropometry of Digital Human Models for Seat Design 195
Abstract 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Methods and Materials 197
3 Results 201
4 Discussion 204
Acknowledgements 205
References 205
The Veronesi Method - Judicial Expertise for Physical Therapists 207
Abstract 207
1 Introduction 207
2 Objective 208
3 Applied Methods 208
3.1 Procedures of the Veronesi Method for Judicial Expertise 209
3.2 Work Performed 213
4 Results 213
5 Discussion 215
6 Final Considerations 216
References 217
Total Force of Pinch and Grasp by Hand Postures 219
Abstract 219
1 Introduction 219
2 Methods 220
2.1 Participants 220
2.2 Apparatus 220
2.3 Procedures 221
2.4 Data Collection and Experiment Design 221
3 Results 222
4 Discussion 223
Acknowledgments 223
References 223
Investigation of Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors in the HORECA Sector 224
Abstract 224
1 Introduction 224
2 Materials and Methods 226
2.1 Stages of the Study 226
2.2 Work Situation 226
2.3 Participants 227
2.4 Data Collection 227
2.5 Data Analysis 228
3 Results and Discussion 230
3.1 Demographic Data and Job’s Characteristics 230
3.2 The Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Symptoms 232
3.3 RULA Scores 232
3.4 Associations Between Socio-demographic/Job Characteristics and MSDs Symptoms or Pain Level of the Working Situation 234
4 Conclusion 235
References 236
Risk Assessment and Management 238
Investigation of the Effectiveness of European Assembly Worksheet in Assessing Organizational Measures for MSD Risk Assessment 239
Abstract 239
1 Introduction 239
2 Method 240
2.1 Workload Assessment 240
2.2 Task Variation to Reduce Workload 241
3 Results 241
4 Discussion 242
5 Conclusion and Outlook 243
References 244
Analysis of Exoskeleton Introduction in Industrial Reality: Main Issues and EAWS Risk Assessment 246
Abstract 246
1 Introduction 246
2 Experimental Protocol 247
2.1 Passive Exoskeleton 247
2.2 Participants and Procedure 248
2.3 Tasks 249
3 Results and Discussion 251
4 Conclusions 253
Acknowledgements 253
References 254
A Successful Ergonomic Solution Based on Lean Manufacturing and Participatory Ergonomics 255
Abstract 255
1 Introduction 255
2 Methods 256
2.1 Study Setting 256
2.2 Participants 257
2.3 Demand for the Study 257
2.4 Procedure 257
3 Results and Discussion 262
3.1 Identification and Description of Intervention in the Production Flow 262
3.2 Classification of Technical Actions and New Production Flow After Ergonomic Intervention 262
3.3 Positive Results of Applying Lean Manufacturing 263
3.4 Other Positive Results from the Ergonomic Intervention 264
3.5 Result of the Questionnaire on Worker Comfort Perception 265
3.6 Return on Investment in Ergonomic Intervention 265
4 Conclusion 265
References 266
Assessments of Ergonomic Risks in Banana Cultivation and Production 268
Abstract 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Materials and Methods 269
3 Results 269
4 Conclusions 272
References 273
A Proposal for Field-Oriented System to Support Medical Risk Management. Support of Risk Management ... 274
Abstract 274
1 Introduction 274
2 Methods 278
2.1 Fall Risk Assessment 278
2.2 Reliability Evaluation and Proposal of Procedure Manual on Medication 278
3 Discussion 279
3.1 Fall Risk Assessment 279
3.2 Reliability Evaluation and Proposal of Procedure Manual on Medication 279
4 Conclusion 280
References 280
Risk of Developing Musculoskeletal Disorders in a Meat Processing Plant 281
Abstract 281
1 Introduction 281
2 Method 282
3 Results and Discussion 283
4 Conclusion 286
References 287
Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD) in Construction Workers and Main Causes 289
Abstract 289
1 Introduction 289
2 Methods 290
2.1 Participants 290
2.2 Extended Version of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ-E) 290
2.3 Statistical Analysis 291
3 Results and Discussion 291
4 Conclusion 295
References 295
Ultraviolet Radiation in Sunlight and Artificial Lighting Systems: Are They Alike? 297
Abstract 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Literature Review 297
2.1 Sunlight & Vitamin D
2.2 Ultraviolet Radiation 299
2.3 UV Production vs UV Destruction 303
2.4 Artificial Light 304
2.5 Filters 305
2.6 UV Indoor versus UV Outdoor 306
3 Discussion 306
Acknowledgements 307
References 307
Ergonomic Risks of Physical Load on Administrative Workers in a Higher Education Institution 2015-Cartagena 309
Abstract 309
1 Introduction 309
2 Materials and Methods 312
2.1 Demographic Characteristics of Workers 312
2.2 Labor Conditions 313
2.3 Ergonomic Risk Factors of Physical Load 313
3 Discussion 315
4 Conclusions 316
References 316
Movement and Balance 318
What are the Major Risk Factors for Falls Among Community-Dwelling KoreanOlder Women? 319
Abstract 319
1 Introduction 319
2 Methodology 320
2.1 Sample 320
2.2 Study Design and Data Acquisition 320
2.3 Statistical Analysis 322
3 Results 322
4 Discussion and Limitations 326
4.1 Discussion 326
4.2 Limitations 327
5 Conclusion 327
Acknowledgements 328
References 328
Acupuncture/Acupressure for Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) Relieving in the Elderly: A Review 331
Abstract 331
1 Introduction 331
2 Acupuncture/Acupressure 332
3 Acupuncture/Acupressure Mechanisms for Knee OA Treating 332
3.1 The Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Theory 332
3.2 Gate-Control Theory 333
3.3 Neurohumoral Theory 334
3.4 Nitric Oxide (NO) Theory 334
3.5 Magnet Therapy 335
4 Trial Review Result and Discussion 335
4.1 Basic Characteristics 335
4.2 Effectiveness 337
4.3 Acupoints 337
5 Limitations and Recommendations 339
6 Conclusion 340
Acknowledgements 340
References 340
Effect of Motion Type and Inclination on Muscle Activity and Edema 343
Abstract 343
1 Introduction 343
2 Literature Review 344
3 Method 345
3.1 Participants 345
3.2 Equipment 345
3.3 Independent and Dependent Variables 345
3.4 Experiment Task 345
3.5 Procedure 346
4 Results 347
4.1 Foot Volume Change 347
4.2 EMG Activity at Tibialis Anterior (TA) 347
4.3 EMG Activity at Gastrocnemius (GA) 347
5 Discussion 348
5.1 Effect of Motion Type 348
5.2 Effect of Inclination 348
6 Conclusion 348
Acknowledgments 349
References 349
Applied Ergonomics in Fashion Design and Sports Technology 351
Women’s Clothing Choices are Being Inhibited by Poor Fit 352
Abstract 352
1 Introduction 352
2 Consumer Expectations and Satisfaction 353
3 Bust Size Increases, Bra Technology and Design 354
4 Industry Sizing of Apparel 355
5 Bust Cup Sizing in Woven Apparel 356
6 Bust Cup Grading Formula 358
7 Dress Fit Analysis Conclusion 360
References 362
Reading Task Investigation of the Kindle app in Three Mediums 364
Abstract 364
1 Introduction 364
2 Method 365
2.1 Participants 365
2.2 Equipment 366
2.3 Experimental Design 366
2.4 Procedure 367
3 Results 367
3.1 Time Spent Reading 367
3.2 Changes in Reading Behavior 368
3.3 Issues Identified 369
4 Discussion 370
5 Conclusion 370
Acknowledgments 370
References 371
Fashion Education Innovations Based on Ergonomic Design 372
Abstract 372
1 Introduction 372
2 The Fashion Design Education in Mainland China 373
2.1 The Historical Developing Process of Fashion Design Education 373
2.2 The Challenges of Fashion Design Education 374
3 Innovations of Fashion Design Education Based on Ergonomic Design 374
3.1 Innovations on Wearable Material Design 374
3.2 Innovations on Fashion Design 375
3.3 Innovations on Accessories Design 376
4 Findings and Conclusions 377
Acknowledgments 378
References 378
An Explorative Study of Elderly Fashion 379
Abstract 379
1 Introduction 379
2 Methodology 379
3 Design Illustrations for Elderly Fashion 380
3.1 Materials 380
3.2 Screen Print 381
3.3 Embellishment 381
3.4 Style 382
3.5 Garment Design 383
4 Results 384
5 Findings and Conclusions 385
References 386
Old Fashion to New Fashion: The Creative Fashion Design Concepts from Nail Cover of Qing Dynasty 387
Abstract 387
1 Introduction 387
2 The History of Nail Covers 388
3 The Materials and Techniques of Nail Covers 389
4 The Patterns of Nail Covers 391
5 The Wearing Ways of Nail Covers 392
6 Conclusion 393
Acknowledgments 393
References 393
Investigation on Human Body Movements and the Resulting Body Measurement Variations 394
Abstract 394
1 Introduction 394
2 Literature Review 395
2.1 Static Measurement 395
2.2 Dynamic Measurement 396
3 Method 397
3.1 Participants 397
3.2 Experiment Design 397
3.3 Process 397
3.4 Key Measurements 398
3.5 Data Analysis 399
4 Results 399
4.1 Body Measurement Variation 399
4.2 Validity Test of Simulated Model Measurements 401
5 Summary 403
References 405
Ergonomic Performance of Work Systems 407
On Ergonomic Perception 408
Abstract 408
1 Introduction 408
2 Methodology 410
3 Results and Discussion 411
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 413
References 415
Formulation of Field Data Base Model of Productivity for Standalone Sewing Machine Operation Based on Ergonomic Considerations 416
Abstract 416
1 Introduction 417
2 Selection of Operators 417
3 Methodology 418
3.1 Identification of Independent Variables 419
3.2 Responses or Dependent Variables 419
3.3 Reduction of Variables 420
4 Formulation of Models Based on Observed Data 421
4.1 Formulation of Model Based on Clubbing of All Independent PI Terms 422
5 Conclusion 424
References 425
Formulation of Field Data Based Model of Human Energy Expenditure During Wheat Grinding Operation Based on Anthropometric and Ergonomic Considerations 427
Abstract 427
1 Introduction 427
2 Experimental Setup 428
3 Need to Formulate the Field Data Based Model 428
4 Formulation of Field Data Based Model 429
4.1 Wheat Grinding Process as a System 429
4.2 Identification of Independent, Dependent Variables 429
4.3 Formation of Different Pi Terms Formulated by Buckingham’s Pi Theorem 431
4.4 Approach for Formulation of Models Based on Observed Data 431
5 Graphical Analysis of Combination of Observed Data for Individual Mathematical Model for DependentPi Term Hr 434
6 Model Sensitivity Analysis 435
7 Model Optimization for the Human Energy Expenditure 436
8 Validation of the Formulated Generalized Field Data Based Model 437
9 Interpretation and Discussion 438
9.1 Mathematical Model for Human Energy Expenditure 438
9.2 Interpretation for Curve Fitting Constant 438
9.3 Formulation of Models Based on Combination of Observed Data for Dependent Pi Term Human Energy Expenditure 439
9.4 Reliability of the Model 439
References 439
Posture Analysis of Face Drilling Operation in Underground Mines in India: A Case Study 440
Abstract 440
1 Introduction 440
2 Objective 441
3 Development of Methodology 441
3.1 Anthropometry 441
3.2 Postural Analysis 442
4 Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal System 443
4.1 Mechanics of Musculoskeletal System 443
5 Analysis 446
6 Biomechanical Analysis 447
7 Conclusion 448
Appendix: Posture Analysis of Drive 449
References 450
Heart Rate Based Evaluation of Operator Fatigue and Its Effect on Performance During Pipeline Work 451
Abstract 451
1 Introduction 451
2 Methods and Materials 452
2.1 Experiment Settings 452
2.2 Heart Rate Monitoring and Signal Preprocessing 453
2.3 Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) 454
3 Results and Discussion 455
3.1 Borg’s RPE and Heart Rate 455
3.2 Working Accuracy and Hurst Exponent 456
3.3 Cardiac Stress Index (CSI) 457
4 Conclusions 458
Acknowledgements 458
References 459
Assessment of Heat Stress Impacts on Construction Workers: A South African Exploratory Study 460
Abstract 460
1 Introduction 460
2 Heat Stress and Construction Workers 461
2.1 Factors Contributing to Heat Stress 462
2.2 Personal Factors 463
2.3 Environmental Factors 463
2.4 Job Factors 463
2.5 Heat Stoke 464
3 Methodology 464
4 Findings and Preventions 464
4.1 Designing for Construction Worker Safety 464
4.2 Project Life Cycle 465
4.3 Safety Life Cycle 466
4.4 Increase in Temperatures 466
4.5 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) 468
5 Lesson Learned from the Findings 469
6 Conclusion 469
References 469
Characteristics of Cutting Performance for Japanese Sewing Scissors Made by the “So-hizukuri” Forgin ... 471
Abstract 471
1 Introduction 472
2 Methods 473
2.1 Test Subject 473
2.2 Procedures 473
3 Result and Discussion 475
4 Conclusion 482
References 483
Eye Movement Analysis of Japanese Sewing Scissors Craftsman 484
Abstract 484
1 Introduction 485
2 Methods 486
2.1 Participant 486
2.2 Procedures 486
2.3 Recording Procedures 486
3 Results 486
4 Discussion 488
5 Conclusion 495
References 495
Investigation on Effect of Mattress Hardness on Sleep Comfort of Middle-Aged and Old Women 496
Abstract 496
1 Introduction 496
2 Research Objects and Methods 497
2.1 Experimental Subject 497
2.2 Research Method 498
2.3 Data Processing and Analysis 500
3 Experimental Results and Analysis 501
3.1 Subjective Comfort Experience for Mattresses with Different Hardness 501
4 Body Pressure Distribution Analysis 501
4.1 Body Pressure Distribution Test Result 501
5 Discussion and Conclusion 505
5.1 Discussion of Experimental Results 505
6 Conclusion 506
Acknowledgments 506
References 506
Author Index 508