Frontiers in Nano-therapeutics (eBook)

Nishat Tasnim is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering Program at University of Texas at El Paso. She received her Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering from University of Texas Rio Grande Valley in 2016 with excellence. While pursuing her Master’s degree, she fabricated handcrafted ECoG devices, micro peripheral nerve scaffold and neural interface device to receive signal from peripheral nerve. She presented research in Neural Regeneration conference, Bioscience research collaborative and published her research work in Engineering Journals, MDPI and in IEB. Her present research interests are biomaterials and neural tissue regeneration for Parkinson’s disease treatment.Baiju G Nair is working as SPDR fellow (Program for young scientist) at Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory in RIKEN. He obtained his doctoral degree, securing the MEXT fellowship, in Bio-nano fusion science technology from the Bio-nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, Japan. During the time, his research was recognized with international awards and grants.  After the doctoral degree, Dr. Nair awarded the prestigious JSPS fellowship to work in RIKEN. His research focuses on the nanobiology, nanomaterial and tissue engineering. He published most of the research articles in many peer reviewed journals. In addition to his role as a researcher, Nair is currently involved in various academic and administrative positions in Japan.Katla Sai Krishna is a research scientist in the Department of Chemistry at University of Texas at El Paso. He received his Ph.D. in Materials Science from Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, India in 2011. After graduating, he pursued postdoctoral research in the Nanofabrication and Nanomaterials group at Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD), a Synchrotron Light Source at the Louisiana State University (LSU), USA. His research at LSU was part of the Center for Atomic-Level Catalyst Design, a DOE sponsored Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC). During this period, his research focused on (i) Atomically precise gold nanoclusters and their application in catalysis and magnetism (ii) Millifluidics-based lab-on-a-chip devices for synthesis and in situ time-resolved characterization of nanomaterials. Later, he worked as a research scientist in the 3D-Nanostructuring group at Institute of Physics & Institute of Micro- and Nanotechnologies (IMN), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany.Binata Joddar is an assistant professor of Metallurgy, Materials and Biomedical Engineering at UTEP. Dr. Joddar received her PhD from Clemson University (SC), from the joint Bioengineering program between Clemson and The Medical University of South Carolina in the year 2006. Following this she received post-doctoral training in cardiovascular biology and disease at The Ohio State University in the Department of Biomedical Engineering where she was awarded with 'Distinguished Post-Doctoral Researcher' award. She then attained a 'Foreign Post-Doctoral Fellowship' from the renowned research institute RIKEN in Japan to work with stem cells and regenerative medicine. She has published numerous research articles and reviews in high impact journals and is also well cited. She also serves as an Editor for Scientific Reports (Nature PG) and a reviewer for Biomaterials, Acta Biomaterialia, and Tissue Engineering. Her research expertise is in the areas of biomaterials & stem-cell based tissue engineering; to explore and solve problems in cardiovascular and neural tissue regeneration.Mahesh Narayan is an associate professor and assistant chairman at the Department of Chemistry in the College of Sciences at UTEP. In summary, he has authored and co-authored 51 research and review articles and book chapters in the areas of free radical biology, protein-structure function, oxidative folding and protein misfolding, halogen bonding and in silico drug design.  His work has been recognized through invitations to speaking engagements in over 15 international forums and by recognition in a variety of media outlets. Currently, he serves on the Editorial Board of PLOS One and Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics (Springer). He has delivered invited talks at the Institute of NanoChemistry and NanoBiology of Shanghai University. His research interests include understanding the mechanisms underlying Parkinson’s disease including proteins such as β-amyloid, which leads to S-nitrosylation of PDI and aggregation of Parkinsonian biomarkers.Juan C. Noveron is Ralph and Kathleen Ponce de Leon Professor of Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry in the College of Sciences at UTEP. Dr. Noveron's research is focused on supramolecular chemistry, which is the field that studies intermolecular interactions that lead to structures beyond the molecule (supramolecular structures), and is considered to be the basic science of nanomaterials. His research group focuses on the design, synthesis, and characterization of molecules with self-organizing behavior that spontaneously self-assemble into nanoscale metal-organic materials with applications in medicine and green energy systems. The applications that Dr. Noveron’s group targets with this approach are (1) the delivery of antigen genes for DNA-vaccine applications, (2) the development of new gene-sensing platforms using self-organized DNA-Carbon Nanotubes, (3) the development of new self-organized metal-organic solar cells, (4) the development of new water-treatment technologies, and (5) the development of new bio-inspired 3-D printable hydrogels with antibacterial properties. Dr. Noveron collaborates with researchers from other disciplines to evaluate the function of our molecular designs and carry out experiments such as cytotoxicity assays, DNA-transfection, in-vivo DNA-delivery, gene-sensing, desalination and water treatments, photovoltaics, and antibacterial assays.

Acknowledgements 6
Contents 7
About the Authors 9
Abbreviations 13
1 Introduction 17
2 Discrete Nano Biomaterials 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Synthesis Approaches 20
2.2.1 The Bottom-up Approach 20
2.2.2 The Top-down Approach 21
2.3 Materials for Polymeric Nanoparticles and Their Applications 21
2.3.1 Naturally Occurring Polymers 22
2.3.2 Synthetically Obtained Polymers 23
2.4 Applications of Polymeric Nano-Particles/Biomaterials 24
2.4.1 Drug Delivery and Transfection 24
2.4.2 For Incorporation in Medical Implants 29
2.4.3 Photothermal Nanotherapeutics and Nanodiagnostics 29
2.4.4 Lipid?Based Nanotherapeutics for Nucleic Acid Delivery 30
2.4.5 Nanotherapeutics for Chemotherapy 31
2.4.6 Quantum Dots for Traceable Therapeutic Delivery 33
2.4.7 Strategies to Improve Implant Tolerance 35
3 Anisotropic Nano-Systems 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Synthesis of Anisotropic Nanoparticles 43
3.2.1 Seed Mediated Method 43
3.2.2 Photochemical Synthesis 45
3.2.3 Polyol Synthesis 46
3.2.4 Synthesis by Using Template 47
3.3 Assembly of Anisotropic Nanoparticles 47
3.3.1 Template Based Assembly of NPs 48
3.3.2 Self-assembly by Solvent Evaporation Method 48
3.3.3 Self-assembly of ANPs by van der Waals Forces 49
3.3.4 Self-assembly of Particles by Nature of Bonding 49
3.3.4.1 Self-assembly Through Covalent Bonding 49
3.3.4.2 Self-assembly by Hydrogen Bonding 50
3.3.4.3 Field Directed (Electric and Magnetic) Self-assembly of Anisotropic Nanoparticles 51
3.4 Applications 53
3.4.1 Catalytic Applications of Anisotropic Nanoparticles 53
3.4.2 Biosensor and Bioprobes 54
3.4.3 Photothermal Therapy for Cancer 54
3.5 Conclusion 55
4 Nano-Films/Coated/Layered Systems 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) 57
4.3 Methods of LbL Assemblies 59
4.3.1 Dipping 59
4.3.2 Spin Coating 59
4.3.3 Spray Assisted LbL 59
4.4 Template Assisted LbL Assembly 60
4.4.1 LbL Assisted Nanotubes Using Nanoporous Templates 60
4.5 Polyelectrolyte Capsules as Multifunctional Platforms 61
4.6 Polyelectrolyte Thin Film Based Electrodes and Implants 62
4.7 Applications of Nano-Films/Coated/Layered Implants 63
4.7.1 Nano-/Structured Electrodes for Neural Interfaces 63
4.7.2 Nano-Coating and Nano-Texturing on Existing Implant Surfaces 66
4.7.3 Nano-Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Therapeutics 68
5 Nanocomposites 71
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 Applications of Nanocomposites 71
5.2.1 Nano-Composites for Cellular Imaging and Therapy 71
5.2.2 Nano-Composites for Advanced Drug Delivery 73
5.2.3 Nano-Composites as Bio Mimicking Substrates 74
5.2.4 Nano-Composites for Applications in Tissue Engineering 78
6 Conclusion 83
References 85