Grading (eBook)

Contents 6
Foreword by Peter Walker 8
Introduction 12
History of Site Grading 18
Developments in Plan Representation 19
Selected Projects 25
The Pueblo Grande Ball Court 26
The Pyramids of the Branitz Landscape Park 29
The “Poet’s Garden” at the G 59 in Zurich 35
The Olympiapark in Munich 39
Irchel Park Zurich 45
Landform at the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art in Edinburgh 50
Landform 58
The Basics of Site Grading 68
Small and Large Scale 69
Slope 71
Slope Calculations in Percent 71
Ratio 72
Angle of Incline 72
Gradient Formations 73
Interpolation 75
Spot Elevations 77
Contour Lines 78
Embankments 84
Profile 85
Cut and Fill Calculations 87
Volume Calculations Using Profiles 87
Volume Calculations Using Contour Lines 88
Calculating Volume with Triangular Prisms 88
Grading: Purpose and Techniques 90
The Purpose of Site Grading 90
Important Criteria 94
Minimum and Maximum Slopes 95
Site Grading and Architecture 95
Approach to a Grading Plan 96
Grading and Layout Plan Contents 102
Landscape Stabilization 108
Soil 109
Erosion and Landslides 112
Embankment Angle and Construction Technology 114
An Overview of Slope Stabilization Construction Techniques 115
Bioengineering Construction Methods 116
Soil Protection Techniques 117
Ground Stabilization Techniques 118
Stabilization Using Lime and Cement 120
Reinforced Earth 122
Geotextiles 124
Retaining Walls 125
Cantilevered Retaining Walls 125
Gravity Retaining Walls 125
Gabions 128
Stone Block Walls 130
Pre-cast Element Retaining Walls 130
Natural Stone Retaining Walls 130
Grading Roads and Parking Spaces 132
Grading and Roads 133
Technical Basics 133
Grading and Parking Spaces 139
Terms 139
Arrangement and Dimensions 140
Horizontal Layout 140
Vertical Layout 141
Borders 142
Planting 142
Handicapped Parking 143
Parking Lots in Overview: Tables, Calculation Basics, Layout 143
Grading and Stormwater Management 152
Stormwater Management Basics 153
Workflow and Calculations for Stormwater Management 160
1. Optimization 160
2. Water infiltration is not possible in the following cases 161
3. Calculating Stormwater Runoff 162
4. Sizing Debris Traps, Box Gutters, Manholes, and Pipelines 163
5. Infiltration Test to Determine the Specific Infiltration Rate (IRspec) 168
6. Sizing the Infiltration System 170
7. Calculating the Required Capacity 177
landscapingSMART and Digital Terrain Modeling 178
Data Bases and Data Collection 181
Small-Scale Data Collection and Staking Out Work 184
Wooden Pegs and Batten Profiles 186
Digital Terrain Models 188
Cloud Services 193
Analog models 195
History 195
Sand Models 195
Digital Models 197
Real-time Models 197
Grading and 3D Machine Control Systems 200
GNSS and DGPS 201
How 3D Machine Control Works 203
DTM Processing for 3D Machine Control Systems 208
The Requirements a DTM Must Fulfill to Be Applied by the Construction Company 209
Site Surveys / Basic Data 209
Interchange Format 209
Alignment 209
DTM “Surface Covering” 209
DTM “Subgrade” 209
Curbs 210
Road Construction Projects 210
Engineering Structures 210
Excavation Work 211
Lines and Pipes 211
Terrain Modeling and Construction Machinery 212
Machinery for Soil Ecavation and Loading 215
Machinery for Soil Transportation 219
Machinery for Soil Compaction 221
Construction Machines for “Rainbowing” 222
Grading in Practice 224
Ertingen-Binzwangen Flatbed Glide, Geitz und Partner GbR Landschaftsarchitekten 226
Erlentor Stadthof, Basel, Westpol Landschaftsarchitektur 230
Swiss Cottage Open Space, London, Gustafson Porter 232
Northumberlandia, Cramlington, Charles Jencks and the Banks Group 236
SGI/Google Corporate Headquarters, Mountain View, SWA 240
Desert Ridge Marriot, Phoenix, SWA 242
2500 Hollywood Way, Burbank, SWA 244
Qiaoyuan Wetland Park, Tianjin, Turenscape Landscape Architects 246
Victorian Desalination Project, Victoria, ASPECT Studios 248
Millenium Parklands, Sydney, PWP Landscape Architecture 250
Appendix 252
Exercises in Grading 253
Glossary 275
Literature / Sources 281
Illustrations 284
Biographies 285