Big Data and Differential Privacy (eBook)

Nii Attoh-Okine, PhD, PE is Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Delaware. The author of over 70 journal articles, his main areas of research include big data and data science; computational intelligence; graphical models and belief functions; civil infrastructure systems; image and signal processing; resilience engineering; and railway track analysis. Dr. Attoh-Okine has edited five books in the areas of computational intelligence, infrastructure systems and has served as an Associate Editor of various ASCE and IEEE journals.

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 General 1

1.2 Track Components 2

1.3 Characteristics of Railway Track Data 4

1.4 Railway Track Engineering Problems 6

1.5 Wheel-Rail Interface Data 11

1.6 Geometry Data 15

1.7 Track Geometry DegradationModels 20

1.8 Rail Defect Data 25

1.9 Inspection and Detection Systems 33

1.10 Rail Grinding 37

1.11 Traditional Data Analysis Techniques 40

1.12 Remarks 41

References 42

2 Data Analysis - Basic Overview 49

2.1 Introduction 49

2.2 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) 49

2.3 Symbolic Data Analysis 53

2.4 Imputation 54

2.5 Bayesian Methods and Big Data Analysis 56

2.6 Remarks 57

References 57

3 Machine Learning: A Basic Overview 59

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Supervised Learning 60

3.3 Unsupervised Learning 61

3.4 Semi-Supervised Learning 61

3.5 Reinforcement Learning 61

3.6 Data Integration 63

3.7 Data Science Ontology 63

3.8 Imbalanced Classification 69

3.9 Model Validation 70

3.10 Ensemble Methods 71

3.11 Big P and Small N (P ?â N) 74

3.12 Deep Learning 79

3.13 Data Stream Processing 95

3.14 Remarks 105

References 105

4 Basic Foundations of Big Data 113

4.1 Introduction 113

4.2 Query 116

4.3 Taxonomy of Big Data Analytics in Railway Track Engineering 123

4.4 Data Engineering 124

4.5 Remarks 130

References 130

5 Hilbert-Huang Transform, Profile, Signal, and Image Analysis 133

5.1 Hilbert-Huang Transform 133

5.2 Axle Box Acceleration 150

5.3 Analysis 151

5.4 Remarks 153

References 153

6 Tensors - Big Data in Multidimensional Settings 157

6.1 Introduction 157

6.2 Notations and Definitions 158

6.3 Tensor Decomposition Models 161

6.4 Application 164

6.5 Remarks 170

References 171

7 Copula Models 175

7.1 Introduction 175

7.2 Pair Copula: Vines 184

7.3 Computational Example 186

7.4 Remarks 192

References 193

8 Topological Data Analysis 197

8.1 Introduction 197

8.2 Basic Ideas 197

8.3 A Simple Railway Track Engineering Application 203

8.4 Remarks 204

References 204

9 Bayesian Analysis 207

9.1 Introduction 207

9.2 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 210

9.3 Approximate Bayesian Computation 210

9.4 Markov Chain Monte Carlo Application 216

9.5 ABC Application 219

9.6 Remarks 221

References 222

10 Basic Bayesian Nonparametrics 225

10.1 General 225

10.2 Dirichlet Family 226

10.3 Dirichlet Process 227

10.4 Finite Mixture Modeling 231

10.5 Bayesian Nonparametric Railway Track 232

10.6 Remarks 233

References 233

11 Basic Metaheuristics 235

11.1 Introduction 235

11.2 Remarks 237

References 239

12 Differential Privacy 241

12.1 General 241

12.2 Differential Privacy 242

12.3 Remarks 247

References 247

Index 249