Advances in Acoustic Emission Technology (eBook)

Preface 6
Committees 7
Contents 10
Part I: Keynote Lecture 14
Progress of Acoustic Emission Technology on Pressure Equipment in China 15
1 Introduction 15
2 Organizations and AE Personnel 16
3 AE Instrument 17
3.1 SAEU2S Multi-channel Integrated Acoustic Emission System 17
3.2 SAEW2 Multi-channel Wireless Distributed Acoustic Emission System [12] 18
4 AE Standards 20
5 Main Research and Applications 21
5.1 Steel Pressure Vessel Testing 21
5.2 Pressure Pipeline Leakage Testing [13] 22
5.3 Cast Iron Paper Dryer Testing [18] 23
6 Conclusion 26
References 26
Part II: Instrumentation 28
Advanced Usage of the Software-Controlled Sensor Coupling Test 29
1 Basics of the Software-Controlled Sensor Coupling Test 29
1.1 Pulse-Through Principle 30
1.2 Auto Sensor Test in Self-Test Mode 30
1.3 Auto Sensor Test in Near-Neighbor Mode 31
1.4 Pulsing Table 31
2 Further Usage of Stimulated Pulsing Data 32
3 Advanced Usage of the Software-Controlled Sensor Coupling Test 32
3.1 Example 1: Thin-Walled Water-Filled Cylinder 33
3.2 Example 2: Thick-Walled Water-Filled Cylinder 34
4 Conclusion 38
References 38
A New Generation of AE System Based on PCI Express Bus 39
1 Purpose 39
2 History of AE Systems Based on Standard Industrial Computer Bus Architecture 40
3 Architecture of AE System Built on PCI Express Bus 40
4 Advanced and Enhanced Features 42
5 Conclusions 46
References 46
Part III: Signal Processing and Analysis 47
Localization of Acoustic Emissions in a Numerical T-Shaped Concrete Beam Using Multi-segment Path Analysis 48
1 Introduction 48
2 Simulations 49
2.1 Numerical Specimen 49
2.2 Sources 50
2.3 Wave Propagation Simulation 50
2.4 Sensors 52
3 Source Localization 52
3.1 Homogeneous Geiger Method 53
3.2 Heterogeneous Geiger Method 54
3.3 FastWay 54
4 Outcome of the Simulations and Source Localizations 55
4.1 Localization Setups 55
4.2 Localization Results 56
4.3 Localization Accuracy 58
5 Conclusion 60
References 60
Pattern Recognition for Acoustic Emission Signals of Offshore Platform T-Tube Damage Based on K-means Clustering 62
1 Introduction 62
2 K-means Clustering 63
3 Experiments 63
4 Analysis and Discussion 63
4.1 Analysis on Acoustic Emission Parameter 63
4.2 Analysis on K-means Clustering 66
5 Conclusion 69
References 70
Fault Analysis for Low-Speed Heavy-Duty Crane Slewing Bearing Based on Wavelet Energy Spectrum Coefficient 71
1 Introduction 71
2 Wavelet Decomposition and Energy Spectrum Coefficient 72
2.1 Wavelet Decomposition 72
2.2 Wavelet Energy Spectrum Coefficient 73
3 Experimental Setup, Sensor Placement, Defect Setting, and Experimental Scheme 74
3.1 Experimental Setup 74
3.2 Sensor Arrangement 75
3.3 Defect Setting 75
3.4 Experimental Scheme 76
4 Wavelet Decomposition and Energy Spectrum Analysis for Acoustic Emission Signals 76
4.1 The Slewing Bearing with ND 76
4.2 The Slewing Bearing with ORD 77
4.3 The Slewing Bearing with RD 77
5 Conclusions 82
References 82
Analysis of the Fractional S Transform 83
1 Introduction 83
2 Fractional S Transform 84
2.1 S Transform 85
2.2 Fractional Fourier Transform 85
2.3 Fractional S Transform 86
2.3.1 Definition of Fractional S Transform 86
2.3.2 Selection of Optimal Rotation Factor a 86
3 Simulation 88
3.1 Selection of Optimal Rotation Factor a 88
3.2 Time Frequency Analysis of a Theoretical Signal with Fractional S Transform and S Transform 88
3.3 Time Frequency Analysis of Corrosion Acoustic Emission Signals with Fractional S Transform and S Transform 90
4 Conclusion 91
References 92
Research of Tank Bottom Corrosion Acoustic Emission Simulation 93
1 Introduction 93
2 Wave Theory 94
3 The Finite Element Model of Tank Bottom Plate 96
3.1 Finite Element Simulation 96
3.2 Finite Element Model of Tank Bottom Plate 97
3.3 The Simulation of Acoustic Emission Excitation Signal 97
4 The Extraction Method of Acoustic Emission Signal Features 98
5 Simulation Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signal Spread 100
5.1 Normal Displacement 100
5.2 Tangential Displacement 101
5.3 Displacement in Z Direction 103
6 Simulation Analysis of Tank Bottom Plate 104
6.1 Model of Tank Bottom Plate 104
6.2 Simulation Analysis of Tank Bottom Plate 105
7 Conclusion 106
References 107
Extracting the Fault Features of an Acoustic Emission Signal Based on Kurtosis and Envelope Demodulation of Wavelet Packets 108
1 Introduction 108
2 The Fundamental Theory 110
2.1 The Wavelet Filtering of Wavelet Packet 110
2.2 Kurtosis [6-8] 111
2.3 The Envelope Demodulating Analysis 111
3 The Analysis and Processing of Acoustic Emission Signals 112
3.1 The Acquisition of Acoustic Emission Signals 112
3.2 Signal Processing 112
4 Conclusions 118
References 118
Research on the Diagnosis Method Based on the Waveform Streaming Signal of Rolling Bearing 119
1 Introduction 119
2 The Principle for Noncontact Acoustic Emission 120
3 Advantage and Periodic Characteristic of Acoustic Emission Waveform Streaming 120
4 Calculation for the Fault Characteristic Frequency of Rolling Bearing 121
5 Experiment 122
6 Data Analysis 123
6.1 Analysis for the Test Results of the Acoustic Emission Waveform Roller Fault 123
6.2 Comparative Analysis for the Test Results of Different Types of Faults 126
7 Conclusion 127
References 127
Part IV: Material Characteristics 128
Acoustic Emission Behavior of 12MnNiVR under Corrosion 129
1 Introduction 130
2 Experiments 130
2.1 Experimental Setup 130
2.2 Experimental Procedure 131
3 Results and Discussion 132
3.1 Parametric Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals 132
3.2 Hilbert-Huang Transform Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals 134
4 Conclusions 137
B-Value Characteristics of Rock Acoustic Emission Under Impact Loading 138
1 Introduction 138
2 Experiment and B-Value Calculation Algorithm 139
2.1 Experimental Setup 139
2.2 B-Value Calculation 140
3 Results and Discussion 140
3.1 Analysis of B-Value Characteristics 140
3.2 B-Value Analysis of Hits Grouped by Peak Frequency 141
3.3 Analysis of Hb-Value 144
4 Conclusions 145
References 146
Evaluation of Acoustic Emission from Damaged CFRP Sheets for Air Industry Applications 148
1 Introduction 149
2 Pure Shear Stress in the Inclined Section 150
3 Tested Material and Testing Method 151
4 Results and Discussion 152
5 Conclusions 157
References 157
Acoustic Emission Study of Ti-Ni Shape-Memory Alloy in Loading-Unloading 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Experimental Methods 159
2.1 Materials and Specimens 159
2.2 AE Measurement 159
3 Results and Discussion 160
3.1 Characterization of AE Signals during Loading 160
3.2 Characterization of AE Signals during Unloading 162
4 Conclusions 163
References 164
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Acoustic Emission Signal Detection and Source Localization 166
1 Introduction 166
2 Methods 168
2.1 AE Signal Characteristics Based on WPT 168
2.2 AE Source Localization Based on TR 169
2.2.1 The Propagation Operator H 169
2.2.2 Time Reversal Method 171
3 GFRP AE Signal Testing Experiment 171
3.1 GFPR AE Signal Characteristics 172
3.2 AE Source Localization-Based TR 174
4 Conclusion 176
References 176
Evaluating Freeze-Thaw Damage in Concrete with Acoustic Emissions and Ultrasonics 178
1 Introduction 179
2 Method 179
3 Materials and Specimen Preparation 181
4 Experimental Procedures 182
5 Experimental Results 184
5.1 Passive Acoustic Emission Results 185
5.2 Acousto-Ultrasonics Results 187
5.3 Critical Degree of Saturation Projections 190
6 Conclusions 191
References 192
Evaluation of Tensile Failure Progress in FRP Using AE Tomography and Digital Image Correlation 193
1 Introduction 193
2 Experimental and Data Analysis Procedures 194
2.1 Outline of Test Piece 194
2.2 Tensile Test 194
2.3 Digital Image Correlation 195
2.4 AE Activities and AE Tomography for Anisotropic Materials 197
3 Results and Discussions 202
3.1 Surface Strain Distribution Detected by DIC 202
3.2 AE Activities During Tensile Test 202
3.3 AE Tomography 204
4 Summary 205
References 206
Assessment of Damage Evolution in Paper Material Based on Acoustic Emission: An Experimental and Statistical Method 207
1 Introduction 208
2 Experimental Procedure 209
2.1 Materials and Specimens 209
2.2 Measurement of Acoustic Emission During Damage Evolution 210
3 Data Analysis 211
3.1 Establishment of the Multivariate DA Based on Multiple Scales of Events of Random Damage 211
3.2 Application of the Entropy Value to Quantify the Evolving Damage States 212
3.3 Application of Andrews Plots to Cluster Damage Modes 213
4 Results and Discussion 214
4.1 Acoustic Emission Behavior of Paper Material Under Tensile Test 214
4.2 The Multistage Progression of Damage Evolution in Paper Material 215
4.3 Optical Damage Recognition of Paper Specimens Under Tensile Loading 217
5 Conclusions 218
References 219
Innovative AE Measurement by Optical Fiber Sensing for FRP 220
1 Introduction 220
2 Optical Fiber Sensing 221
2.1 Optical Fiber Sensing by FBG 221
2.2 Outline of FBG 221
3 Experiment Condition 222
3.1 Outline of Specimen 222
3.2 Cyclic Tensile Test 222
3.3 AE Activity Measurement 223
4 Results and Discussions 226
5 Conclusion 227
References 228
Fracturing Behaviors of Unfavorably Oriented Faults Investigated Using an Acoustic Emission Monitor 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Test Samples and Experimental Setup 230
2.1 Test Samples 230
2.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 231
3 Results 234
3.1 Typical D45 Sample Results 234
3.2 Typical D50 Sample Results 237
4 Discussion and Conclusions 238
References 240
Part V: Structure 241
Investigation of Acoustic Emission Characteristics on Harbor Portal Crane 242
1 Introduction 242
2 Testing Object and Methods 243
2.1 Testing Object 243
2.2 Instrument and Sensor Arrangement 244
2.3 Loading Procedures 245
3 Testing Results and Discussion 245
3.1 AE Location During the Testing 245
3.2 Distribution AE Location Signal Parameters 246
3.3 AE Waveform Behavior of the AE Location Events 247
4 Conclusion 248
References 248
Fatigue Failure Evaluation of RC Bridge Deck in Wheel Loading Test by AE Tomography 250
1 Introduction 250
2 Wheel Loading Program 251
3 Monitoring 254
4 AE Tomography 255
5 Results and Discussions 259
6 Conclusions 262
References 262
Testing the Node of a Railway Steel Bridge Using an Acoustic Emission Method 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Test Object 265
3 Material Tests and Model Analysis 265
4 Equipment and Test Methodology 267
5 AE Tests 268
5.1 Tests of Node with Corrosion Products 268
5.2 Location of AE Signals on Complex Construction Elements 269
5.3 Determination of the AE Signal Parameters Describing the State of Structural Defects 271
6 Conclusions 273
References 273
Evaluation of Deterioration of Concrete Due to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction Based on Through-the-Thickness Elastic Waves 275
1 Introduction 275
2 Methodology 276
2.1 Measurement 276
2.2 Data Analysis 277
3 Results 280
3.1 Input Waveform Result 280
3.2 Wave Velocity Distribution 281
4 Conclusion 283
References 285
Assessing Deterioration of an In-field RC Bridge Deck by AE Tomography 286
1 Introduction 287
2 Outline of AE Measurement in Actual RC Deck 287
3 AE Analysis 289
3.1 Source Location Analysis 289
3.2 Crack Propagation Detected in AE Measurement 289
4 2D AE Location and Elastic Wave Velocity Distribution 290
5 3D AE Tomography Analysis 292
6 Summary 293
References 295
A Preliminary Study on Application of AE Methods to Detecting Aggregation Regions of RC Bridge Decks 296
1 Introduction 297
2 Experiment Procedures 297
2.1 Outline of Specimen Preparation 297
2.2 Loading Patterns 298
2.3 Sensor Location 300
3 Experimental Results and Discussions 300
3.1 Deformation Characteristic 300
3.2 Kaiser Effect 301
3.3 Relations of Load and AE Parameters Such as AE Hits or AE Energy 302
3.4 Influence of Sensors on AE Detections 303
3.5 Peak Frequency and Peak Amplitude 304
4 Conclusions 305
References 305
Acoustic Emission Testing on Aluminum Alloy Pressure Vessels 306
1 Introduction 306
2 Test Procedure 307
3 Results and Discussion 308
3.1 Characteristic Parameters Distribution and Analysis 308
3.2 Location Analysis 312
3.3 Signal Waveform Analysis 314
4 Conclusions 315
References 316
Development of Damage Evaluation Method for Concrete in Steel Plate-Bonded RC Slabs 317
1 Introduction 318
2 Sensing Technique Using the Temporary Set Anchors 318
2.1 Background of the Anchor Bolt Sensing Technique 318
2.2 Outline of the Internal Damage Detection System 319
3 Preliminary Experiment Using Artificial Specimens 320
3.1 Outline of the Experiment 320
3.2 Measurement Method 320
3.3 Propagation Velocity Before and After Steel Plate Bonding 322
3.4 Frequency Analysis Before and After Steel Plate Bonding 323
3.5 Wavelet Analysis After Steel Plate Bonding 325
4 Verification Experiment Using a Slab Extracted from an Existing Bridge 327
4.1 Overview of the Verification Experiment 327
4.2 Verification Results 328
5 Conclusions 329
References 330
Acoustic Emission Testing Research of Blowout Preventer 331
1 Introduction 331
2 AE Tensile Testing of Small-Scale Specimens 332
2.1 Research Significance 332
2.2 Experiment Specimens 332
2.3 Experiment System 333
2.4 Data Analysis of the Experiment 333
2.4.1 The AE Characteristics of the Specimen During the Tensile Process 333
2.4.2 The Waveform and Spectrum Analysis 335
3 AE Crack Detection of BOP Shell 335
3.1 Experiment Equipment 337
3.2 Sensor Placement 337
3.3 Experiment Process 337
3.4 Data Analysis 338
4 Conclusions 338
References 339
Part VI: Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis 340
Acoustic Emission Testing of Cryogenic Pipelines in Operating Conditions 341
1 Introduction 341
2 Testing 342
2.1 Acoustic Emission Sensor 342
2.2 Development of the Low-Temperature Couplant 343
2.3 Sensor Holder 344
2.4 Pipeline Testing with AE 344
2.5 Verification of Acoustic Emission-Located Source 346
3 Conclusions 348
References 349
Hit-Based Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Rock Fractures: Challenges and Solutions 350
1 Introduction 350
2 The Importance of the AE Setup 353
2.1 Threshold 354
2.2 Peak Definition Time (PDT) 354
2.3 Hit Definition Time (HDT) 354
2.4 Maximum Duration 355
2.5 Hit Lockout Time (HLT) 356
2.6 Sampling Rate 356
3 System Saturation Close to the Failure: Case Study from Hydraulic Fracturing Tests on Granite 357
4 Conclusions 363
References 363
Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Brittle Fatigue Crack Growth in Railway Steel 364
1 Introduction 364
2 Experimental Details 365
2.1 Materials and Specimens 365
2.2 Test Instrument and Procedure 365
2.3 Acoustic Emission Monitoring 366
3 Results and Discussion 367
3.1 FCG and AE Characteristics 367
3.2 AE Source Mechanism and Brittle Fracture During FCG 369
3.3 Identification of Brittle Fracture Events by AE During FCG 371
4 Conclusions 373
References 374
Experimental Research on Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Dynamic Corrosion on a Simulated Tank Floor 376
1 Introduction 376
2 Experimental Study 377
2.1 Tank Floor Corrosion Acoustic Emission Detection System 377
2.2 Experimental Program 377
3 Analysis of Experimental Results 379
3.1 Statistical Analysis of Corrosion Signal of Bottom Plate Under Different Operating Conditions 379
3.2 Analysis of the Corrosion Process in Different Working Conditions 380
3.2.1 Corrosion Acoustic Emission Characteristics of New Storage Tanks vs. Cleaned Storage Tanks 380
3.2.2 Comparison of Acoustic Emission Characteristics Between the Static Stage and post- Perturbation 381
3.2.3 Comparison of Acoustic Emission Characteristics of the Tank Bottom Plate Before and After Damage 381
3.3 Amplitude Analysis 382
3.4 Correlation Analysis 385
4 Conclusions 392
References 393
Part VII: Miscellaneous 394
Study on the Influence Rule of Residual Stress on Ultrasonic Wave Propagation 395
1 Introduction 395
2 Principle of Residual Stress Testing Method 396
2.1 Ultrasonic Linear Detection Principle 396
2.2 Ultrasonic Nonlinear Detection Principle 397
3 Establishment of Test System 398
3.1 Ultrasonic Linear Detection System 398
3.2 Ultrasonic Nonlinear Detection System 399
3.3 Experimental Materials and Processes 400
3.3.1 Sample Material Properties and Specimen Preparation 400
3.3.2 Stress Loading 401
4 Results 402
4.1 Experimental Results of Ultrasonic Linear Detection Method 402
4.2 Experimental Results of Ultrasonic Nonlinear Detection Method 403
5 Application 405
5.1 Application of Linear Ultrasonic Contact Detection Method 405
5.1.1 Welding Stress Detection in Pipelines 405
5.1.2 Gear Residual Stress Testing 406
5.2 Application of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Noncontact Detection Method 406
6 Conclusion 408
References 409
Author Index 410
Subject Index 413