Ceramic Membranes Applied in Separation Processes (eBook)

Dionisio da Silva Biron is a PhD candidate at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. He has interest on membrane studies, mainly on separation processes using ceramic membranes. Venina dos Santos is a Professor at University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil.  She posses vast experience on Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, specially on Nonmetallic Materials. Her research interests include chemistry, sol-gel,nanocrystalline zirconia, ceramic and composite membrane. Dr. Mara Zeni is a Professor at University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil. She's been working with polymeric membranes since 1982.

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Introduction 11
2 Overview Membranes Separations 16
2.1 Membrane Definition 16
2.2 Microfiltration 17
2.2.1 Microfiltration History 17
2.2.2 Microfiltration Process 18
2.3 Ultrafiltration 21
2.3.1 Ultrafiltration History 21
2.3.2 Ultrafiltration Processes 22
2.4 Nanofiltration 23
2.4.1 Nanofiltration History 23
2.4.2 Nanofiltration Process 24
2.5 Reverse Osmosis 26
2.5.1 Reverse Osmosis History 26
2.5.2 Reverse Osmosis Process 26
2.6 Gas Separation 29
2.6.1 Gas Separation History 29
2.6.2 Gas Separation Process 30
2.7 Membrane Distillation 32
2.7.1 Membrane Distillation History 32
2.7.2 Membrane Distillation Process 33
References 36
3 Ceramic Membranes Preparation 39
3.1 Raw Materials Used in the Preparation of Ceramic Membranes 39
3.1.1 Alumina 39
3.1.2 Zeolites 41
3.1.3 Titania 43
3.1.4 Zirconia 43
3.1.5 Silica 44
3.1.6 Other Materials 45
3.2 Processes Applied in Ceramic Membrane Preparation 45
3.2.1 Extrusion 46
3.2.2 Slip Casting 47
3.2.3 Tape Casting 50
3.2.4 Dip-Coating 51
3.2.5 Pressing 51
3.2.6 Sol–Gel 52
References 55
4 Ceramic Membranes Characterization 57
4.1 Permeability 57
4.2 Solute Rejection Assays 59
4.3 Porosimetry by Mercury Intrusion 62
4.4 Gas Adsorption and Desorption—BET 65
4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 67
4.6 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) 70
4.7 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 70
References 73
5 Applications of Ceramic Membranes 75
5.1 Food Industry 75
5.1.1 Juice Industry 76
5.1.2 Beer Industry 77
5.1.3 Wine Industry 78
5.1.4 Dairy Industry 80
5.2 Water Treatment 81
5.2.1 Water Purification 81
5.2.2 Water Desalination 83
5.3 Wastewater Treatment 84
5.4 Biotechnology 85
References 87
6 Ceramic Membrane Modules 89
6.1 Plate and Frame Modules 90
6.2 Spiral Wound Modules 91
6.3 Tubular Modules 92
6.4 Perforated Block Modules 94
6.5 Hollow Fiber Modules 95
6.6 Rotating Disk Modules 97
6.7 Which Module to Use? 98
References 98