Proceedings of the International Conference on Nano-electronics, Circuits & Communication Systems (eBook)

Dr. Vijay Nath received his bachelor's degree in Physics and master's degree in Electronics from DDU Gorakhpur University, India in 1998 and 2001. He received a PGDCN from MMM Engineering College Gorakhpur (Gold Medalist) in 1999. He received his Ph.D. in VLSI Design & Technology from Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad in association with CEERI- Pilani in 2008. He was a member of the faculty of the Department of Electronics, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur (2002-2006). In 2006, he joined as a faculty member in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India. Currently he is Professor In-charge of VLSI Design Lab & Embedded System Design Lab, Dept. of ECE, BIT Mesra, Ranchi.  His research interests include analog, digital, mixed CMOS VLSI circuits, low power VLSI circuits, ADC, DAC, PTAT, CMOS bandgap voltage reference, piezoresistive pressure sensors, double ring capacitive pressure sensors, MEMS sensors, signal-processing circuits, ASICs, embedded systems designs, smart cardiac pacemaker, and early stage cancer detection.  He has to his credit around 100 publications in international journals and conferences. He is a member of several reputed professional and academic bodies including IETE, ISVE, and IEEE.

Preface 6
Editorial Acknowledgements 9
Contents 10
Dr. Vijay Nath 14
1 An Autonomous Power and Clock Gating Technique in SRAM-Based FPGA 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Power and Clock Gating 16
1.2.1 Power Gating 16
1.2.2 Clock Gating 17
1.3 Transistor-Level Design 17
1.3.1 Logic Element 18
1.3.2 TILE 20
1.4 Proposed Power and Clock Gating Technique 21
1.4.1 Method of Gating 23
1.4.2 Power and Clock-Gated TILE 24
1.5 Results 25
1.6 Conclusion 27
Acknowledgments 27
Reference 27
2 A Hardware Implementation of Evolvable Embedded System for Combinational Logic Circuits Using Virtex 6 FPGA 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Structure of Evolvable Embedded System 31
2.2.1 Study of VRA 31
2.2.2 Genetic Algorithm Flow 32
2.2.3 Reconfigurable FPGA Chip 33
2.3 Evolvable Embedded System Design 34
2.4 Implementation 36
2.5 Results 38
2.6 Conclusions 40
References 41
3 Evaluation of Wavelet-Based Speech Codecs for VoIP Applications 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Various Wavelet Families 44
3.3 Speech Signal Processing Using Wavelet Transform 46
3.4 Performance Evaluation Parameters 46
3.5 Results 48
3.6 Conclusions 50
References 51
4 User Demand Wireless Network Selection Using Game Theory 52
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Game Theory and Network Selection 53
4.3 Proposed Work 54
4.3.1 Energy Utility 56
4.3.2 Quality Utility 57
4.3.3 Cost Utility 57
4.3.4 Ranking Methods 58
4.4 Results and Discussions 60
4.5 Conclusion and Future Work 64
References 65
5 Leakage Reduction by Test Pattern Reordering 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Related Work 68
5.3 Proposed Algorithm 69
5.3.1 Direct Copy 69
5.3.2 Crossover 69
5.3.3 Mutation 70
5.4 Calculation of Runtime Leakage Power 72
5.5 Experimental Result 74
5.6 Conclusion 79
References 79
6 Review on Band-Notching Techniques for Ultrawideband Antenna 81
6.1 Introduction 81
6.2 Design of Band Notch 82
6.3 Band-Notching Techniques 82
6.3.1 Defected Ground Structure (DGS) 83
6.3.2 Slot-Loading Effects 84
6.3.3 Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) 85
6.4 Simulations of Band-Notching Technique 87
6.5 Conclusion 91
Acknowledgements 91
References 92
7 Real-Time Simulation Design for Continuous Process Industries 94
7.1 Introduction 94
7.2 Literature Survey and Related Work 94
7.3 Simulation Software Architecture 95
7.3.1 Trainer Console 96
7.3.2 Trainee Stations 96
7.4 Simulation System Components 97
7.4.1 Communication Methods 100
7.4.2 Simulation Interface 100
7.5 Process Model Design and Execution 101
7.5.1 Data Server and Variables 101
7.5.2 Process Rule Configuration 102
7.5.3 Computational Block Library 103
7.5.4 Predictive Control Blocks 103
7.5.5 Fuzzy Blocks Configuration 103
7.5.6 Neural Network (NN) prediction 105
7.5.7 Model Predictive Control (MPC) Blocks 105
7.5.8 Real-Time Tuning and Validation of Simulation Block 105
7.5.9 Training the Prediction Network 107
7.5.10 Result Analysis 107
7.6 Conclusion and Future Research 108
References 109
8 Performance Enhancement of LTE HetNet Using EVM-Based Constellation Combiner (ECC) in WARP 110
8.1 Introduction 110
8.2 LTE HetNet Network 111
8.2.1 System Model 111
8.2.2 Transceiver Chain 112
8.2.2.1 Transmitter 114
8.2.2.2 Receiver 115
8.2.3 EVM-based Constellation Combiner (ECC) 117
8.3 Experimental Setup 118
8.3.1 Wireless Open-Access Research Platform 118
8.4 Performance Evaluation of ECC 119
8.5 Conclusion 121
8.6 Future Work 121
Acknowledgments 121
References 122
9 Performance Analysis of 3-Phase Induction Motor: Through Simulation in SIMULINK and TMS320C6713 123
9.1 Introduction 123
9.2 Literature Review 124
9.3 Mathematical Model of Induction Motor 124
9.4 Results 127
9.4.1 Simulation Results 127
9.4.2 Graphical Results Obtained from TMS320C6713 DSK 130
9.5 Discussion 133
9.6 Conclusion 134
References 134
10 A Distributed Fault-Tolerant Multi-objective Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks 135
10.1 Introduction 135
10.2 Related Work 137
10.3 Network Model: Basic Assumptions and Terminologies 138
10.4 Proposed DFMCA Algorithm 139
10.4.1 Cluster Setup Phase 139
10.4.2 Steady Phase 143
10.4.3 Fault tolerance 143
10.5 Simulation Results 144
10.6 Conclusion 146
References 146
11 Comparing Energy Efficiency of DF Relay-Assisted Cooperative and Noncooperative Short-Range Wireless Systems 148
11.1 Introduction 148
11.2 Energy Consumption Modeling 149
11.2.1 Noncooperative Scheme 151
11.2.2 Cooperation Through SC 152
11.2.3 Cooperation Through MRC 153
11.3 Results and Discussions 155
11.3.1 Effect of S-D distance 155
11.3.2 Effect of Target Outage (Oo) 159
11.3.3 Effect of Path loss coefficient (n) 159
11.3.4 Effect of Spectral Efficiency (R) 159
11.4 Conclusion 159
Acknowledgements 160
References 160
12 Modified PSO-Based Equalizers for Channel Equalization 161
12.1 Introduction 161
12.2 Methodology 163
12.3 System model 164
12.3.1 Linear Transversal Equalizer (LTE) 164
12.3.2 Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) 166
12.3.3 Basic PSO 166
12.3.4 Training by PSO 166
12.3.5 Proposed Strategies 167
12.4 Simulation Results 169
12.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis 171
12.5 Conclusion 173
References 174
13 Investigation of Electrostatic Actuation Scheme for Low Voltage MEMS Switch 175
13.1 Introduction 175
13.2 MEMS Switch Design Consideration 176
13.3 Parametric Analysis 177
13.3.1 Effect of Position of Pull in Electrode 178
13.3.2 Effect of Holes 179
13.3.3 Effect of Actuation Voltage 179
13.3.3.1 Tip Deflection of Cantilever Beam 179
13.3.3.2 Capacitance Between Two Plates 181
13.4 Comparative Analysis 183
13.5 Conclusion 183
Acknowledgments 183
References 184
14 On Online Counting of Cigarette in Packets—An Image Processing Approach 185
14.1 Introduction 185
14.2 Experimental Setup 187
14.3 Problem Description 188
14.4 Solution Methodology 188
14.4.1 Image Acquisition 188
14.4.2 Region of Interest (ROI) 189
14.4.3 Image Enhancement 189
14.4.3.1 Filtering 189
14.4.3.2 Thresholding 190
14.4.4 Morphological Operation 190
14.4.5 Image Segmentation 191
14.4.6 Object Counting 191
14.5 Results and Discussion 191
14.6 Conclusion 197
References 197
15 Fuzzy Min-Max Neural Network-Based Intrusion Detection System 199
15.1 Introduction 199
15.2 Related Work 201
15.3 Materials and Method: Fuzzy Min-Max Neural Network 202
15.3.1 Fuzzy Set Hyperbox 203
15.3.2 Membership Function 203
15.3.3 FMM-Based Learning Methodology for IDS 204
15.3.3.1 Hyperbox Expansion Phase 204
15.3.3.2 Hyperbox Overlap Test Phase 205
15.3.3.3 Hyperbox Contraction Phase 206
15.4 Learning Algorithm for IDS 207
15.5 Results and Discussion 207
15.6 Conclusion 209
References 209
16 Effect of Static Synchronous Series Compensator on Power Balancing in Wind Farms 211
16.1 Introduction 211
16.2 Basic Configuration of SSSC 212
16.3 Model of Test System 214
16.4 Simulation Results with SSSC 215
16.5 Conclusion 219
Appendix A 219
References 220
17 Characterisation of TFT Sensors for Chemical Sensing Applications 222
17.1 Introduction 222
17.2 Literature Survey 223
17.3 Method of Implementation 226
17.4 Results and Evaluation 230
17.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 234
References 234
18 Storage Optimization of Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems Using Breadth-First Search Algorithm 236
18.1 Introduction 236
18.2 Storage Assignment 238
18.3 Random Storage Assignment 238
18.4 Virtual Sensor 239
18.5 Breadth-First Search (BFS) 240
18.6 Implementation of BFS in ASRS 241
18.7 Conclusion 244
Acknowledgments 245
References 245
19 Design Analysis of Octagonal-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna at 5.70 and 8.00 GHz 246
19.1 Introduction 246
19.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna 246
19.3 Design of Octagonal-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna 248
19.4 Simulation Results and Discursion 249
19.4.1 Return or Reflection Loss 250
19.4.2 Radiation Pattern 250
19.4.3 VSWR 251
19.4.4 Gain 251
19.4.5 Directivity 252
19.5 Conclusion 253
References 254
20 Blueprint of a CMOS Charge Pump for Phase-Locked Loop Synthesizers with High Efficiency 255
20.1 Introduction 255
20.2 Basics of Charge Pump Circuit 256
20.3 Implementation of Charge Pump Circuit 257
20.4 Proposed Charge Pump Design 258
20.5 Advantages of Proposed Charge Pump Design 261
20.6 Simulation Results 261
20.7 Conclusion 263
References 263
21 An Efficient Algorithm for Removing RVIN in Grayscale Images 264
21.1 Introduction 264
21.2 Condition-Based Detection with Fuzzy Switching Weighted Median Filter 265
21.3 Simulation Results and Discussions 265
21.4 Conclusion 269
References 269
22 Reliability Analysis and Energy Benefit Analysis of Distribution System Incorporating Wind Turbine Generator 270
22.1 Introduction 270
22.2 Description of Distribution Network 271
22.3 Wind Turbine Generator Specifications 273
22.4 Economy and Energy Benefit Indices 273
22.5 Reliability Analysis and Energy Benefit Analysis 273
22.6 Results 274
22.7 Reliability Analysis 276
22.8 Conclusion 277
References 277
23 Development of Smart Grid System in India: A Survey 279
23.1 Introduction 279
23.2 Overview of Smart Grids 280
23.3 Need for Smart Grids in India 282
23.4 Related Works 283
23.5 Information and Communication Technologies 284
23.5.1 Role 284
23.5.2 Communication Media 285
23.5.3 Obligatory Technological Advancements 285
23.5.4 Open Research Issues 285
23.6 Conclusion 286
References 286
24 System-Level Performance Analysis of Embedded Systems for GSM Applications 290
24.1 Introduction 290
24.2 Related Work 291
24.3 Experiment Setup 291
24.4 Building RTLinux Kernel Image for ARM Board 293
24.4.1 Install Cross-Compiler 293
24.4.2 Configuring the Kernel for ARM 9mini2440 294
24.4.3 Cross-Compiling Kernel 295
24.4.4 Flashing Kernel Image on to Processor Board 295
24.5 Transplanting Lmbench on Arm Processor Board 296
24.5.1 Cross-Compiling Lmbench 296
24.5.2 Porting Lmbench on ARM Processor Board 296
24.5.3 Lmbench on Raspberry Pi 297
24.5.4 Lmbench on MPC 8548E 297
24.6 Results and Discussions 297
24.7 Conclusion 304
Acknowledgements 304
References 304
25 IC Packaging: 3D IC Technology and Methods 306
25.1 Introduction 306
25.2 IC Packaging Design Flow 309
25.3 Chip-Joining Technology 310
25.4 TSV Packaging Technology 312
25.5 Reliability of TSV Interposer 315
25.6 Conclusion 318
References 319
26 Modeling and Simulation of the Dynamic Response of a Generic Mechanical Linkage for Control Application Under the Consideration of Nonlinearities Imposed by Friction 321
26.1 Introduction 321
26.2 Modeling of Friction 322
26.3 Generalized Mechanical System for the Generic Linkage 327
26.4 Results and Discussion 328
26.5 Conclusion 332
References 332
27 Design of a Third Order Self Biased Adaptive Bandwidth Phase Lock Loop 333
27.1 Introduction 333
27.2 Design of Third-Order Self-Biased PLL 334
27.3 Simulation Results 338
27.4 Conclusions 342
References 342
28 Operational Transconductance Amplifier-based Sinusoidal Oscillator with Grounded Capacitors 344
28.1 Introduction 344
28.1.1 Basic Concept of OTA 345
28.1.2 Proposed Circuit Diagram 346
28.2 Description and Analysis of Circuit 346
28.3 Simulation Results 348
28.4 Sensitivity 348
28.5 Conclusion 351
References 351
29 Robotics Research Visibility in BRICS Countries: A Scientometrics Study 354
29.1 Introduction 354
29.2 Literature Review 354
29.3 Objectives 355
29.4 Methodology 355
29.5 Results and Discussion 355
29.5.1 Research Publications on Robotics 355
29.5.2 Citation Style 355
29.5.3 Reference Citation Style 357
29.5.4 h Index 359
29.6 Conclusions 360
30 Analysis of a Self-compensating, Low-Noise, Low-Power PLL Circuit @ 45-nm Technology Node 361
30.1 Introduction 361
30.2 Phase Detector or Comparator 363
30.3 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 365
30.4 Current Starved VCO 366
30.5 Low-Pass Loop Filter 368
30.6 Simulation Results and Conclusion 369
Acknowledgements 369
References 370
31 Evaluating the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with Various Key Components such as Electrodes, Dyes, and Electrolytes 371
31.1 Introduction 371
31.2 Fabrication of DSSC 372
31.3 Working Principle of DSSC 373
31.4 Results and Discussion 374
31.5 Conclusions 378
Acknowledgments 379
References 379
32 Design of Comparator in Sigma-Delta ADC Using 45 nm CMOS Technology 380
32.1 Introduction 380
32.2 Designing of Operational Amplifier 381
32.3 Designing of Comparator 382
32.4 Simulation Results and Discussion 382
32.5 Conclusion 385
References 385
33 A 21nW CMOS Operational Amplifier for Biomedical Application 387
33.1 Introduction 387
33.2 MOSFET in Subthreshold Region 388
33.3 Proposed Op-Amp Circuit 389
33.4 Simulation Results and Discussion 391
33.5 Conclusion 394
References 394
34 Prediction of Depth-Averaged Velocity and Boundary Shear Stress Distribution in a Single-Stage Channel by Lateral Distribution Method 395
34.1 Introduction 395
34.2 LDM for Simple Channel 396
34.3 Bed Friction and Shear Modeling 397
34.4 Numerical Solution of LDM 398
34.5 Experimental Datasets 401
34.6 Results and Discussion 401
34.7 Conclusions 402
References 405
35 Flow Computation in Symmetric and Asymmetric Compound Channels Using Conveyance Estimation System 406
35.1 Introduction 406
35.2 Theory of Application 407
35.3 Calculation 409
35.4 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure 409
35.5 Results and Discussions 410
35.6 Conclusions 412
References 412