Pathophysiology

About our authors The pre-nursing career of Matthew Sorenson, PhD, APN, ANP-C, includes experience as a recovery room orderly, paramedic and childcare worker and an initial collegiate major in history. His nursing career began with a BSN degree from Northern Illinois University (with a minor in history). After graduation, he worked primarily in physical rehabilitation, focusing on neurologic conditions and injury, an area in which he remains active. He holds an MS in Applied Family and Child Studies (Focus on Abuse and Neglect) and an MS in Nursing (Community Health Focus). His doctorate is from Loyola University Chicago, where he studied stress-related changes in immunologic function in those with multiple sclerosis. Postdoctoral education includes a three-year fellowship with the neurology service at Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital (focus on multiple sclerosis) and a year-long fellowship in Disability Ethics through the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. He is an adult nurse practitioner. His time as a nurse practitioner is spent primarily with street outreach programs targeting the homeless and working poor. His research focuses on immunologic correlates of fatigue, particularly in those with multiple sclerosis. He is currently funded to investigate viral epigenetics in multiple sclerosis. He teaches physical assessment, pharmacology, medical-surgical nursing and pathophysiology. Academically, Dr. Sorenson teaches at DePaul University with an additional appointment in the School of Medicine (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) at Northwestern University. He served as a program director for several years and was recently named Director of the School of Nursing. Laurie Quinn, PhD, RN, FAAN, FAHA, CDE, is a clinical professor in the Department of Biobehavioral Health Science in the College of Nursing at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). Dr. Quinn earned her PhD from UIC in Nursing Science and has been on the UIC College of Nursing faculty for 20 years. Her primary research focus is the study of metabolic alterations associated with diabetes mellitus, especially their role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Her research has focused on examining the effect of aerobic exercise on the metabolic derangements of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. She is currently part of an interdisciplinary team from University of Chicago, Illinois Institute of Technology and UIC that is developing an artificial pancreas. Dr. Quinn is a certified diabetes educator and worked as a clinical nurse specialist at Rush University Medical Center. She has received several awards for teaching excellence and has lectured in graduate and undergraduate physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology classes. She has published and presented extensively in research and clinical practice venues on diabetes-related topics. Dr. Quinn is an active member of the American Diabetes Association and American Heart Association. She has been a healthcare coordinator at an American Diabetes Association summer camp for children with diabetes for several years. In this role, she has cared for numerous children with type 1 diabetes and helped to educate clinical staff and students from various healthcare specialties on the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Diane Klein, PhD, RN, earned a BSN degree from Loyola University Chicago and then worked as a nurse in the trauma unit and medical units at Cook County Hospital. During her clinical practice, she became interested in research, which led her to earn a PhD in physiology from the University of Illinois at the Medical Center Campus in Chicago. Her research interests as a faculty member at Loyola University Chicago have included the role of cyclic nucleotides in altered lung metabolism during septic shock, and the use of nebulized morphine in the treatment of dyspnea. Dr. Klein was an associate professor in the School of Nursing at Loyola University Chicago, where she taught undergraduate and graduate pathophysiology courses for over 30 years. She believed that nursing students require a strong foundation in pathophysiology because it is the basis for their understanding of pharmacology and the rationale for clinical assessments and interventions. In addition to pathophysiology courses, Dr. Klein taught adult health clinical courses, pharmacology, advanced physiology for clinical practice, and stress in health and illness. In addition to teaching, Dr. Klein presented topics related to pathophysiology at local and national meetings of both nursing and basic science organizations. Selected topics presented include resources for teaching genetics and genomics, problems of mechanically ventilated patients, biotrauma, effects of endotoxin and cyclic nucleotides on lung glucose oxidation, and oxidative stress in critical illness and therapeutic strategies.

PART 1: FOUNDATIONS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. Introduction to the Basics of Pathophysiology
2. Genetics, Genomics, and Epigenomics
3. Environmental Influences on Disease and Injury
4. Stress and Adaptation

PART 2: RISKS UNDERLYING THE LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
5. Health Risks of Obesity and Physical Inactivity
6. Risks Related to Substance Use Disorders
7. Risks Related to Sleep Alterations

PART 3: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE IMBALANCES
8. Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
9. Acid-Base Imbalances

PART 4: CELL INJURY, INFLAMMATION, AND ALTERATIONS OF CELL GROWTH AND REGULATION
10. Mechanisms of Cell Injury and Aging
11. Inflammation
12. Neoplasia

PART 5: INFECTION AND DISORDERS OF IMMUNITY
13. Mechanisms of Infection and Host Protection
14. Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Disorders
15. Immunodeficiency Disorders
16. Disorders of White Blood Cells

PART 6: DISORDERS OF OXYGENATION
17. Restrictive Lung Disorders
18. Obstructive Lung Disorders
19. Neoplastic, Infectious, and Pulmonary Vascular Lung Disorders
20. Respiratory Failure
21. Disorders of Oxygen Transport

PART 7: DISORDERS OF PERFUSION
22. Alterations of Hemostasis
23. Vascular Disorders
24. Coronary Circulation Disorders
25. Cardiac Structural Disorders
26. Heart Failure
27. Disorders of Circulation within the Central Nervous System
28. Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

PART 8: DISORDERS OF MOOD AND COGNITION
29. Disorders of Emotional Regulation
30. Disorders of Neurodevelopment and Neurocognition

PART 9: DISORDERS OF SENSORY PERCEPTION AND THERMOREGULATION
31. Disorders of Hearing, Balance, and Vision
32. Pain, Neuropathy, and Headache
33. Disorders of Thermoregulation

PART 10: DISORDERS OF MOBILITY
34. Disorders Affecting Motor Function
35. Acute Musculoskeletal Disorders
36. Chronic Musculoskeletal Disorders

PART 11: DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE REGULATION
37. Diabetes Mellitus
38. Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Disorders

PART 12: ALTERED TISSUE INTEGRITY
39. Tissue and Wound Healing
40. Acute Skin Disorders
41. Chronic Skin Disorders

PART 13: DISORDERS OF DIGESTION, METABOLISM, AND ELIMINATION
42. Disorders of the Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal System
43. Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Systems
44. Liver Failure
45. Disorders of Kidney and Urinary Tract Structure and Function
46. Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

PART 14: DISORDERS OF SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION
47. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
48. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
49. Sexually Transmitted Infections

PART 15: TRAUMA AND MULTISYSTEM CONDITIONS
50. Mechanisms of Traumatic Injury
51. The Pathophysiology of Primary and Secondary Traumatic Injury
52. Biologic, Chemical, and Radiologic Agents of Disease
53. Pathophysiology at the End of Life