Fiber-Wireless Convergence in Next-Generation Communication Networks (eBook)

Dr. Massimo Tornatore is an  Associate Professor in the Department of Electronics and Information in Politecnico di Milano, Italy and an Adjunct Associate Professor in the Computer Science Department at the University of California, Davis. Since late 2000, member of the Broadband Optical Networks, Security & Advanced Internet Lab (Bonsai Group) in Politecnico di Milano. In 2002, I was a research associate in Corecom, and I worked in collaboration with PSTS (Pirelly Submarine Telecom Systems) and TILAB (Telecom Italia Labs). I received a Ph.D. in Information Engineering in May 2006. From 2007 to 2009, I was a post-doc researcher in the Computer Science Department at the University of California, Davis. In January 2010, I started my career as a faculty in Politecnico di Milano. I co-authored about 190 conference and journal papers and my research interests include design, energy efficiency, and survivability in optical networks and group communication security. You can find more information in my research page or by reading one of my papers.Dr. Gee-Kung Chang is a Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Georgios Ellinas is an Associate Professor at the University of Cyprus

Foreword 7
Preface 9
Contents 12
Introduction 20
The overall picture 20
Book Organization 23
References 25
The Path Towards Convergence 27
1 Future Radio Access, Wi-Fi-LTE, LTE-Advanced: The Path to 5G 28
Abstract 28
1.1 Introduction 28
1.1.1 LTE Principles of Operation and Deployment 29
1.2 Carrier Aggregation 34
1.2.1 Definitions and Terminologies 34
1.2.2 Types of Carrier Aggregation 35
1.2.3 Radio Resource Management Framework for CA 40
1.3 Transmission Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing 43
1.3.1 Transmit Diversity—Definition and Terminologies 43
1.3.2 MIMO and Spatial Multiplexing—Definition and Terminologies 43
1.3.3 Coordinated Multi-point Transmission 44
1.3.4 Types of CoMP 47
1.3.5 Advancements: 3D Beamforming 49
1.3.6 Applications 50
1.4 Wi-Fi-LTE, Unlicensed LTE 52
1.4.1 Definition and Terminologies 52
1.4.2 CA of LTE-Licensed and LTE-U CCs 53
1.5 Network Heterogeneity: Self-organizing HetNets 55
1.5.1 Definition and Terminologies 55
1.5.2 Background on Inter-cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) 56
1.5.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination (EICIC) 59
1.5.4 Defining the CRE Region 60
1.5.5 Enhancements: eICIC with CA 62
1.6 Conclusion 63
References 64
2 Evolution and Trends of Broadband Access Technologies and Fiber-Wireless Systems 67
Abstract 67
2.1 Traffic Trend 67
2.2 Technologies of Broadband Access Networks 69
2.2.1 Broadband Wireline Access Networks 69
2.2.1.1 Passive Optical Network (PON) 70
2.2.1.2 xDSL Technology 74
2.2.1.3 Twisted Pair Technology 77
2.2.1.4 Coaxial Cable Technology 78
2.2.1.5 Hybrid Fiber–Copper Technology 79
2.2.1.6 Global Roll-Out Strategies 79
2.2.1.7 Penetration of Different Broadband Technologies 81
2.2.2 Broadband Wireless Access Networks 84
2.2.2.1 Wi-Fi Technology Evolution and Market Status 84
2.2.2.2 Mobile Network Technology Evolution and Market Status 87
2.3 Fiber-Wireless Convergence and Technology Evolution 93
2.3.1 Fiber-Based Distributed Antenna Systems (DASs) 93
2.3.2 Ultra-High-Speed Fiber-Wireless Transmission 94
2.3.3 Fiber-Wireless for Backhaul and the Fronthaul of HetNet 95
2.4 Conclusions 98
References 98
3 The Benefits of Convergence Through Fiber-Wireless Integration and Networking 100
Abstract 100
3.1 Introduction 100
3.2 Convergence of Architectures 103
3.2.1 Centralization 103
3.2.2 Resource Sharing 106
3.3 Convergence of Links 107
3.3.1 Mobile Backhaul 107
3.3.2 Mobile Midhaul and Fronthaul 110
3.4 Convergence of Bands 112
3.4.1 All-Band Coverage 112
3.4.2 MMW Links 114
3.5 Conclusion 115
References 116
Novel Systems/Subsystems for Fi-Wi Networks 119
4 Analog and Digitized Radio-over-Fiber 120
Abstract 120
4.1 Existing Radio Cellular Networks 121
4.2 A-RoF Versus Baseband-over-Fiber 123
4.2.1 Option 1: RF-Modulated Signals 124
4.2.2 Option 2: IF Modulated Signals 124
4.2.3 Option 3: Baseband-over-Fiber 125
4.2.4 Conclusion 125
4.3 Transmission of Microwave Signals on Optical Fibers 125
4.3.1 Intensity Modulation (IM) and Direct Detection (DD) 126
4.3.2 External Modulation and Direct Detection (EM-DD) 127
4.3.3 Photo-detector-Based Heterodyning (HE) with Direct Detection (HE-DD) 128
4.3.4 Conclusion 130
4.4 Analog Radio-over-Fiber (A-RoF) 130
4.4.1 A-RoF for “RF-over-Fiber” 131
4.4.2 A-RoF for “IF-over-Fiber” 132
4.4.3 A-RoF for Multi-antennas Sites by Means of Sub-carrier Multiplexing (SCM) 133
4.4.4 A-RoF for Multi-antennas Sites by Means of Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) 135
4.5 Digitized Radio-over-Fiber (D-RoF) 138
4.5.1 Band-pass Sampling Theory 139
4.5.2 D-RoF for a Single-Antenna Site 141
4.5.3 D-RoF for a Multiple-Antenna Site 143
4.6 Conclusion 145
References 146
5 Overview of Standardization for D-RoF 148
Abstract 148
5.1 CPRI 149
5.1.1 Specification Overview 150
5.1.2 System Description 150
5.1.3 Main Requirements 151
5.1.4 Interface Description 152
5.1.4.1 Layer 1 Interface Specification 154
5.1.4.2 Layer 2 Interface Specification 157
5.1.5 CPRI Compression and CPRI Throughput Examples 158
5.2 OBSAI 159
5.2.1 OBSAI Specifications Status 160
5.2.2 System Architecture Overview 160
5.2.2.1 Objectives 160
5.2.2.2 System Blocks and Interfaces 161
5.2.3 RP3-01 Insight 163
5.2.4 CPRI Versus OBSAI RP3-01 166
5.3 D-RoF Transport Over Optical Networks 167
5.3.1 CPRI Over OTN 170
5.3.1.1 Client Mapping Over OTN 170
5.3.1.2 Client Jitter and Wander Accumulation Over OTN 172
5.3.2 Viable Network Applications for CPRI Over WDM/OTN 174
5.4 ORI 175
5.5 Conclusions 176
Acknowledgment 177
References 177
6 Wireless Delivery of over 100 Gb/s mm-Wave Signal in the W-band 178
Abstract 178
6.1 Introduction 178
6.2 Approaches for the Realization of Large Capacity ( greaterthan 100 Gb/s) Fiber Wireless Integration System 181
6.2.1 Optical PDM Combined with MIMO Reception 182
6.2.2 Advanced Multi-level Modulation 187
6.2.3 Optical Multi-carrier Modulation 190
6.2.4 Electrical Multi-carrier Modulation 194
6.2.5 Antenna Polarization Multiplexing 196
6.2.6 Multi-band Multiplexing 199
6.3 Problems Existing in the Large Capacity Fiber Wireless Integration System and Corresponding Solutions 203
6.3.1 Wireless Multi-path Effects Due to Different Wireless Transmission Distances 203
6.3.2 Advance Algorithms Based on DSP 205
6.4 Conclusion 205
References 206
7 Systems Challenges for SDN in Fiber Wireless Networks 210
Abstract 210
7.1 Introduction 211
7.2 System-Level Fiber Wireless Network Challenges 213
7.2.1 Signaling Formats 214
7.2.2 Network Densification 215
7.2.3 Network Topology 216
7.3 SDN-Based Control Plane 217
7.3.1 SDN-Based Control in Fiber Wireless Networks 219
7.4 Recent Progress in SDN for Fiber Wireless Networks 222
7.5 Conclusions 227
References 228
Novel Network Architectures for Fi-Wi Networks 231
8 Architectural Evolution and Novel Design of Fiber-Wireless Access Networks 232
Abstract 232
8.1 Introduction 232
8.2 Overview of Existing Fiber-Wireless Access Architectures 234
8.2.1 Macrocell and Small Cell with Fiber-Optic Backhaul 234
8.2.2 Distributed Antenna System 238
8.2.3 Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) 240
8.3 Novel Cloud Radio-Over-Fiber Access Architecture 243
8.3.1 Generic Cloud-RoF Architecture and Operational Principle 243
8.3.2 Reconfigurable Cloud-RoF Architecture with WDM Techniques 245
8.3.3 Multi-Service Delivery Including Future-Proof Millimeter-Wave Services 247
8.4 Summary 251
References 251
9 Advanced Architectures for PON Supporting Fi-Wi Convergence 253
Abstract 253
9.1 Introduction 254
9.2 Backhauling Wireless Traffic 254
9.3 Passive Optical Network (PON): Standards and Technology Options 257
9.4 Technology Options 257
9.4.1 TDM-PON 257
9.4.2 WDM-PON 259
9.4.3 OFDM-PON 262
9.4.4 Hybrid PONs 263
9.5 PON Standards 264
9.5.1 GPON/EPON 264
9.6 10G-PON 265
9.7 10G-Epon 265
9.7.1 NG-PON2 266
9.7.2 Evolution Scenarios 268
9.8 Challenges in PON Design 269
9.9 Distributed Ring-Based WDM-PON Architecture 269
9.10 Architecture Design 271
9.11 Allocation of Network Resources 273
9.11.1 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 274
9.11.2 Upstream Traffic Flows Rerouting and Sharing 274
9.12 Wavelength Assignment/Sharing for Downstream Traffic 275
9.13 Fault Detection and Recovery 275
9.13.1 Fault Detection 277
9.13.2 Fault Recovery 277
9.14 Fronthauling Mobile Traffic 278
9.15 Conclusions 279
References 280
10 BBU Hotelling in Centralized Radio Access Networks 282
Abstract 282
10.1 Introduction 282
10.2 Mobile Network 283
10.3 Evolving the Base Station: BBU and RRH 284
10.4 Advantages of BBU Hotelling 285
10.4.1 Cost Reduction 285
10.4.2 Energy Savings 286
10.4.3 Improved Radio Performance 286
10.5 Challenges of BBU Hotelling: Fronthaul 287
10.5.1 High, Constant Bitrate 287
10.5.2 Maximum End-to-End Latency 288
10.5.3 Strict QoS Requirements 290
10.6 RAN Architectures Based on BBU Hotelling 290
10.6.1 Classification on BBU Placement 291
10.6.1.1 All-in-One BS (No Hotelling) 291
10.6.1.2 Distributed BS (No Hotelling) 292
10.6.1.3 BBU Hotel at First CO 292
10.6.1.4 BBU Hotel at Higher-Level CO 293
10.6.2 Classification on Fronthaul Transport 293
10.6.2.1 Dedicated Point-to-Point 293
10.6.2.2 Passive WDM 294
10.6.2.3 TDM-over-WDM (OTN) 294
10.6.3 Classification on BBU Implementation 295
10.6.3.1 BBU Stacking 295
10.6.3.2 BBU Pooling 295
10.6.3.3 BBU Virtualization 296
10.7 An FMC Network Architecture for BBU Hotelling 297
10.7.1 General Network Architecture 297
10.7.2 BBU Placement 298
10.7.3 Traffic Routing 299
10.8 The BPTR Optimization Problem 300
10.9 A Heuristic Greedy Algorithm for BPTR 301
10.9.1 Notation and Input Data 301
10.9.2 Heuristic Subroutines 302
10.9.3 Heuristic Scheme 303
10.10 A Case Study for the BPTR 303
10.11 Conclusion and Open Issues 306
Acknowledgment 307
References 307
11 Rethink Ring and Young: Green and Soft RAN for 5G 309
Abstract 309
11.1 Introduction 309
11.2 No More Cells: One Key 5G Vision 310
11.3 Cloud RAN: The Key Enablers to NMC 312
11.3.1 The Concept of C-RAN 312
11.3.2 C-RAN Features 314
11.3.3 Advantages of C-RAN 315
11.4 Challenges and Potential Solutions for C-RAN Realization 315
11.4.1 Challenges on Transport Networks for Centralization 315
11.4.2 Potential Fronthaul Solutions 316
11.4.3 Challenges on Virtualization Implementation to Realize Resource Cloudification 318
11.5 Recent Progress on C-RAN from China Mobile 320
11.5.1 Field Trials on Centralization with Different FH Solutions 320
11.5.2 Exploitation of C-RAN Virtualization 323
11.5.2.1 Accelerator Design 323
11.5.2.2 Prototype Verification of Soft C-RAN 324
11.6 Evolving Toward 5G 326
11.6.1 C-RAN to Enable Key 5G Technologies 326
11.6.2 Rethink CPRI: CPRI Redefinition 327
11.6.3 Edge Application on C-RAN 329
11.7 Conclusions 330
Acknowledgments 331
References 331
Novel Management Strategies for Fi-Wi Networks 333
12 Next-Generation PoP with Functional Convergence Redistributions 334
Abstract 334
12.1 Introduction 334
12.2 What Services at the Network Edge? 336
12.2.1 Virtual Residential Gateway 337
12.2.1.1 Implementing Virtual Gateway with a Physical BNG 338
12.2.2 Broadband Network Gateway 339
12.2.2.1 BNG Function Implemented in Hardware on an Existing Network Element 340
12.2.2.2 Pure Soft BNG: Implementation on IT Servers 340
12.2.2.3 BNG Function Implemented with Both IT Resources and Dedicated Hardware Resources 341
12.2.3 Distributed Evolved Packet Core 341
12.2.4 Highly Distributed Content Delivery Networks 343
12.3 The Path Toward Fixed and Mobile Convergence 344
12.3.1 Converged Subscriber Data and Session Management 344
12.3.2 Universal Access Gateway 346
12.4 Implementing the NG PoP 348
12.4.1 Design Principles 348
12.4.2 Dimensioning the NG PoP 349
12.5 Conclusions 350
Acknowledgments 350
References 351
13 Coordinated Multi-point (CoMP) Systems 352
Abstract 352
13.1 Introduction on CoMP 352
13.2 Requirements on the Backhaul Network 354
13.2.1 Latency 355
13.2.2 Synchronization 355
13.2.3 Capacity 355
13.3 Backhaul Architecture 356
13.3.1 GROW-Net Architecture 357
13.3.2 FUTON Prototype 360
13.3.3 Adaptive Photonics-Aided CoMP for MMW Small Cells 363
13.3.4 Converged Fiber–Wireless Architecture 364
13.4 Fiber–Wireless Integration Schemes Enabling CoMP 365
13.4.1 BS Configuration 365
13.4.2 Performance Analysis 367
13.4.3 Implementation of CoMP 369
13.4.4 Experimental Demonstration 370
13.5 Summary 371
References 372
14 Converged Wireless Access/Optical Metro Networks in Support of Cloud and Mobile Cloud Services Deploying SDN Principles 374
Abstract 374
14.1 Introduction 375
14.2 Existing Technology Solutions Supporting Cloud and Mobile Cloud Services 377
14.2.1 Physical Infrastructure Solutions Supporting Cloud Services 377
14.2.1.1 State of the Art in Metro Optical Network Solutions 377
14.2.1.2 State of the Art in Wireless Technologies Solutions 378
14.2.2 Infrastructure Management 378
14.2.3 Service Provisioning 380
14.3 Proposed Converged Network Architecture 381
14.3.1 Vision and Architectural Approach 381
14.3.2 Physical Infrastructure Layer 384
14.3.2.1 Optical Physical Infrastructure 384
14.3.2.2 Wireless Physical Infrastructure 385
14.3.2.3 Integrated Infrastructure 385
14.3.3 Infrastructure Management 386
14.3.4 Virtual Infrastructure Control Layer 388
14.3.4.1 Provisioning of Cross-Domain Connectivity 391
14.3.5 Converged Service Orchestration 393
14.4 Architecture Evaluation 394
14.4.1 Network Scenario and Related Work 394
14.4.1.1 Numerical Results 396
14.4.1.2 Impact of the Virtualization Solution on the Proposed Architecture 398
14.5 Conclusions 401
Acknowledgments 402
References 402
Conclusion and Future Topics 404
Index 409