Bioactive Glasses (eBook)

Acknowledgments 7
Contents 9
About the Author and Contributors 14
Abbreviations 16
1 Biomaterials Influencing Human Lives 20
1.1 Understanding ‘Biomaterial’ 20
1.2 Categories of Biomaterials 21
1.2.1 Polymers 22
1.2.2 Metals 24
1.2.3 Ceramics and Glasses 25
1.2.4 Composites 28
1.3 How Does Biomaterials Interact with Host Tissue? 31
1.4 Surface Modification of Biomaterials 33
1.5 Clinical Applications of Biomaterials 35
Bibliography 37
2 Polymers as Bioactive Materials-I: Natural and Non-degradable Polymers 40
2.1 Requirements for the Biodegradable Biomaterial 40
2.2 Polymeric Biomaterials 41
2.3 Non-biodegradable Polymers 42
2.3.1 Polyethylene (PE) 42
2.3.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 45
2.3.3 Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) 46
2.3.4 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 47
2.3.5 Other Polymers 48
2.4 Biodegradable Polymers 49
2.5 Enzymatically Degraded Polymers 50
2.6 Polysaccharides 50
2.6.1 Alginate (Alginic Acid) 51
2.6.2 Chitosan (Chitin) 52
2.6.3 Cellulose 55
2.6.4 Hyaluronic Acid (Hyaluronan) 56
2.6.5 Dextran 57
2.6.6 Starch Compounds 58
2.7 Proteins 59
2.7.1 Collagen 59
2.7.2 Fibrin 61
2.7.3 Elastin 62
2.7.4 Albumin 64
2.8 Polyamino Acids 64
2.8.1 Poly(l-Glutamic Acid) (l-PGA) 65
2.8.2 Poly(Aspartic Acid) 67
2.9 Microbial Polyesters 67
Bibliography 68
3 Polymers as Bioactive Materials II: Synthetic/Biodegradable Polymers and Composites 71
3.1 Hydrolytically Degradable Polymers 71
3.1.1 Polyurethanes 71
3.1.2 Polyanhydrides 73
3.1.3 Poly(Ester Amide) (PEA) 75
3.1.4 Poly Orthoesters (POE) 77
3.1.5 Polyphosphoester (PPE) 80
3.1.6 Polyphosphazenes 81
3.1.7 Poly(Propylene Fumarates) (PPFs) 83
3.1.8 Polyesters 84
3.1.8.1 Poly(Lactic Acid) and Poly(Glycolic Acid) 84
3.1.8.2 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) 87
3.1.8.3 Poly(?-Caprolactone) (PCL) 89
3.1.8.4 Polydioxanone (PDS) 90
3.2 Composites: As Bioactive Materials 90
Bibliography 92
4 Biodegradable Metals as Bioactive Materials 95
4.1 Why Metallic Biomaterials? 95
4.2 Implant Applications of Metals 96
4.3 Structure/Property of Metals 97
4.3.1 Structure-Sensitive and Structure-Insensitive Properties 97
4.3.2 Biocompatibility and Corrosion of Metals 100
4.4 Degradation Behavior of Biodegradable Metals (BM) 101
4.5 Different Metals as Bioactive Materials 103
4.5.1 Titania-Based BMs 103
4.5.2 Cobalt-Based BMs 105
4.5.3 Magnesium-Based BMs 107
4.5.4 Fe-Based BMs 111
4.5.5 Other Biodegradable Metal 113
Bibliography 114
5 The Potential of Glasses/Ceramics as Bioactive Materials 117
5.1 Introduction to Bioactive Glasses 118
5.2 Requirements for the Bioactive Glasses/Ceramics 120
5.3 Introduction to Glasses and Its Components 122
5.4 Theories of Glass Formation 125
5.4.1 Structural Theories 125
5.4.2 Kinetic Theories 128
5.5 Fabrication Techniques of Bioactive Glasses 130
5.5.1 Melt-Derived Technique 130
5.5.2 Sol-gel Technique 134
5.5.3 Other Fabrication Techniques for Glass Derivatives 136
5.6 Categories of Bioactive Glasses 138
5.6.1 Silicate Glasses 138
5.6.2 Borate/Borosilicate Glasses 147
5.6.3 Phosphate Glasses 151
5.6.4 Doped Glasses 153
5.6.5 Metallic Glasses 154
5.7 Hydroxyapatite Formation 155
Bibliography 157
6 Apatites: A Mark of Bioactivity 162
6.1 What Are Apatites? 162
6.2 Bone, Enamel, and Dentin Apatites 163
6.2.1 Structure of Dental Hard Tissues 164
6.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Enamel, Dentin, and Cementum 166
6.3 Calcium Orthophosphates/Bone Cements in Bone Regeneration 168
6.4 Fundamental Properties of CaP Apatites 172
6.5 Hydroxyapatite as an Intelligent Ceramic 173
6.6 Similartiy of Bone and Hydroxyapatite 176
6.7 Properties of Hydroxyapatite 180
6.8 Hydroxyapatite in Orthopedics 181
6.9 Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) as Physiological Media 183
6.10 Apatite Layer Formation on Glasses 185
Bibliography 187
7 Mechanical Behavior of Bioactive Glasses/Ceramics 190
7.1 Glass Viscosity 190
7.2 Elastic Properties of Glass/Ceramics 195
7.3 Fracture and Crack Initiatations 198
7.4 Griffith’s Theory of Fracture and Stress Concentration 199
7.5 Model for Fracture Strength of Glasses/Ceramics 201
7.6 Statistical Analysis of Strength 204
7.7 Relationship Between Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) and Mechanical Properties 210
7.8 Tough and Soft Bioactive Materials 212
7.9 Mechanical Properties of Bioactive Glass/Ceramics 214
7.10 Mechanical Strength of Bioactive Composites 215
7.11 Effect of Bioactive Glass Composition on the Mechanical Parameters 217
Bibliography 224
8 Influence of Preparation Techniques on the Properties of Bioactive Glasses 227
8.1 Density, Porosity, and Surface Area 227
8.2 Mechanical Properties 231
8.3 Cytotoxicity Assays 234
8.4 Apatite Formation Ability 240
Bibliography 246
9 Bioactive Glasses in Angiogenesis and Wound Healing: Soft Tissue Repair 252
9.1 Bioactive Glass and Soft Tissue Interaction 252
9.2 Applications of Soft Tissue Repair 253
9.3 Bioactive Glass in Angiogenesis 254
9.4 Phases in Wound Healing 261
9.5 Bioactive Glasses in Wound Healing 263
Bibliography 274
10 Bulk Metallic Glasses for Healthcare: State of the Art and Prospects for the Future 276
10.1 Introduction to Bulk Metallic Glasses 276
10.2 Inoue’s Criteria for BMG Classification 278
10.3 Cooling Rates for BMG 281
10.4 Structural Aspect of BMG 283
10.5 BMG for Biomedical Applications 284
10.6 Zr-Based BMG 286
10.7 Ti-Based BMG 295
10.8 Fe-Based BMG 302
10.9 Other Ca-/Mg-/Sr-Based Biodegradable BMG 305
Bibliography 311
11 Future Perspectives of Bioactive Glasses for the Clinical Applications 315
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 3-D Scaffolds 317
11.2.1 Scaffold and Its Functions 317
11.2.1.1 Osteoinduction and Biodegradation 317
11.2.1.2 Osteoconduction by Scaffold Structure 317
11.2.1.3 Osseointegration 319
11.2.1.4 Role in Delivery of Osteogenic Factors 319
11.3 Different Scaffold Materials for Drug Delivery 320
11.3.1 Composite Scaffolds 320
11.3.2 Polymer-Based Scaffold 321
11.3.3 Bioactive Glass Scaffold 323
11.3.3.1 In Vitro Drug Release Studies 323
11.3.3.2 Drug Delivery System 324
11.4 Dental Materials 324
11.4.1 Treatment of Incipient Enamel Eroded Lesions 325
11.5 Bioactive Glasses in Ophthalmology 326
11.6 Bioactive Glasses for Bone Tissue Repair 328
11.7 Bone Tissue Regeneration 329
11.8 Bioactive Glasses in Prosthetic Joints 330
11.9 Future Scope 332
Bibliography 333
Index 341