Energy Engineering (eBook)

K.V. Raghavan received his B.Tech from Osmania University in 1964 and a MS and PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, India. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE), and the A. P. Akademi of Sciences (APAS), and is a Distinguished Fellow of the University of Grants Commission (UGC). Dr. Raghavan took up the distinguished Professorship of the INAE at the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, in 2008. He became the Vice President (International Cooperation) of the INAE in 2011.He has held various levels of scientific positions in three national laboratories of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) of India. He was appointed as the Director of Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai in 1994, and in 1996 he took over the Directorship of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad. On successful completion of this tenure, he was appointed as the Chairman of Recruitment and Assessment Centre of DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India in May 2004. In addition, Dr. Raghavan chairs scientific committees of public and private sector bodies on clean technologies, catalytic ethanol reforming, biorefining and allied areas. The recipient of six national awards, Dr. Raghavan has published more than 150 papers, filed 45 patents and edited five books. Chemical process development and design, reaction engineering, simulation and modeling, and chemical hazard analysis are his areas of specialization. His basic research contributions cover the simulation of complex reactions in fixed bed reactors, hydrodynamics of multiphase reaction systems, envirocatalysis for clean processing, zeolite catalysis for macromolecules, thermochemistry, and kinetics of charge transfer polymerization and modeling of chemical accidents. His current research activities are in process intensification of water gas shift reaction, catalytic CO2 decomposition, analysis of CO2 capture technologies and characterization of the reactivity of ionic liquids.Purnendu Ghosh is the Executive Director, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur. Prior to this he was Professor at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He worked at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; University of Melbourne, Australia; National Research Centre for Biotechnology (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany. He has taken a lead role in augmenting bioprocess engineering and biotechnology activities in the country as a member of several Task Forces of the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. He is currently the Chief Editor of Publications of Indian National Academy of Engineering. He is a columnist of a leading newspaper group. Besides technical publications, he has written books of different genre.  

Foreword 5
Preface 7
Preamble 7
Recommendations 8
Contents 11
About the Editors 13
1 Low Carbon Pathways for India and the World 15
Abstract 15
1 Introduction 15
2 Non-fossil Energy 17
3 Solar Energy 18
4 Nuclear Energy 19
5 Role of Solar and Nuclear Energy as Primary Energy 19
6 Concluding Remarks 20
References 20
2 Fuel Cell Technologies for Defence Applications 22
Abstract 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Potential Defence Applications 24
2.1 Soldier Power 24
2.2 Auxiliary Power Units (APU) 25
2.3 Distributed Power Generation 26
2.4 Autonomous Systems 26
2.5 Fuel Cells on Battle Ships 27
2.6 Air Independent Propulsion System (AIP) 28
2.6.1 Weight and Volume Constraints 28
2.6.2 Constraints in Equipment Sizing and Lay Out 29
2.6.3 Platform Safety Concerns 29
3 Concluding Remarks 30
References 30
3 Wind Energy for Buildings and Transport Sectors 32
Abstract 32
1 Introduction 32
2 Wind Energy for Building Sector 34
2.1 Wind Energy Scenario in India 36
2.2 Small Scale Wind Turbines 36
2.3 Transportation Sector 37
2.4 Wind Generated Hydrogen as an Energy Resource Carrier 38
2.5 Challenges and Road Ahead for Growth 38
3 Summary and Conclusions 40
Acknowledgments 41
References 41
4 Waste to Biohydrogen: Addressing Sustainability with Biorefinery 42
Abstract 42
1 Introduction 42
2 Genesis of Biological H2 Production 43
3 Biohydrogenesis-Dark-Fermentative Acidogenic Process 44
4 Waste and Biohydrogen: A Partnership for Sustainable Future 44
5 Biocatalyst 45
6 Factors Influencing Acidogenic H2 Production 46
7 Waste Biorefinery Approach—Frugal Engineering 47
8 Conclusions 48
Acknowledgments 49
References 49
5 Indian Advances in Fast Breeder Nuclear Reactor Engineering 51
1 Introduction 51
2 Technical Details of PFBR 54
3 Reactor Engineering Aspects of SFR 55
4 Material Choice and Issue 56
5 Reactor Design: Challenges and Achievements 57
6 Technological Challenges 58
6.1 Specific Features of SFR Components W.R.T Manufacturing and Erection 58
6.2 Manufacturing of Thin Shell Structures 59
6.3 Manufacture of Large Diameter Grid Plate 59
6.4 Manufacturing of Steam Generators (SG) 59
6.5 In-Service Inspection (ISI) of Main Vessel 59
6.6 Lessons Learned from Manufacture of PFBR Components 60
7 Current Status of PFBR Project 60
Acknowledgments 61
6 China’s Long Road to the High-Efficiency, Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Transition 62
Abstract 62
1 Introduction 62
2 China’s Energy Policies and Energy Revolution Strategies 64
3 Comprehensive Measures and Solutions for the Energy Transition 65
4 High-Efficiency, Clean and Low-Carbon Coal Utilization 66
5 Conclusions 67
References 67
7 The Possible Rate of Transition to Lower-Carbon Housing 69
Abstract 69
1 Introduction 70
2 The Present Situation 70
3 Future Prospects 73
4 Business-As-Usual Energy Demands to 2050 75
5 A Lower Carbon World by 2050? 78
6 Discussion and Conclusions 80
Acknowledgments 80
References 81
8 Solar Cells: Materials Beyond Silicon 82
Abstract 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Materials Beyond Silicon 83
2.1 Conjugated Organics 83
2.2 Nanostructured Materials 85
2.3 Oxides 87
2.4 Perovskites 88
3 Conclusions 90
Acknowledgements 91
References 91
9 Nano-Bio-Photonics: Integrating Technologies to Meet Challenges in Energy, Mobility and Healthcare 95
Abstract 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Nature-Inspired Nano-Bio-Photonic Applications 96
3 Conclusions 100
References 100
10 Carbon Dioxide to Energy: Killing Two Birds with One Stone 101
Abstract 101
1 Introduction 102
2 Current Technological Approach for CO2 Utilization 103
2.1 Plasma-Based Technologies for Carbon Dioxide Utilization 105
2.2 Chemical and Biochemical Technologies for Carbon Dioxide Utilization 106
2.3 Electrochemical and Photochemical Technologies for Carbon Dioxide Utilization 107
3 Technical Challenges and Improvements of CO2 Utilization Technologies 107
4 Conclusions and Perspectives 109
References 110
11 Multi Scale Optimization of Building Energy 112
Abstract 112
1 Introduction 112
2 Context 113
3 Optimization to Solve Energy Management Problem 114
4 Optimization to Learn Building Behavior 115
5 Other Considerations Related to Building Energy Management 116
6 Conclusions and Future Works 117
References 117
12 Emerging Construction Materials for Energy Infrastructure 119
Abstract 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Infrastructures for Energy 120
2.1 Fossil Fuels—Coal, Crude Oil and Natural Gas 120
2.2 Hydroelectric Energy 121
2.3 Nuclear Energy 121
2.4 Solar Energy 121
2.5 Wind Energy 122
2.6 Geothermal Energy 122
2.7 Transmission Lines 122
3 Materials for Energy Infrastructure 122
3.1 Conventional Construction Materials 123
3.1.1 High Performance Concrete 123
3.1.2 High Performance Steel 124
3.1.3 Wood Composites 124
3.2 Specialized Materials 125
3.2.1 Fiber Polymer Composites 125
3.2.2 Shape Memory Alloys 125
3.2.3 Phase-Change Materials 126
4 Research Needs 126
5 Summary 127
References 127
13 Energy Efficient Power Generation and Water Management Through Membrane Technology 129
Abstract 129
1 Introduction 129
1.1 Experimental 131
1.1.1 Fuel Cells 131
1.1.2 Wastewater Treatment 131
1.1.3 Drinking Water Purification 132
2 Result and Discussion 133
2.1 Fuel Cells 133
2.2 Wastewater Treatment 134
2.3 Drinking Water Purification 136
3 Conclusions 137
References 138
14 Transition to Lower Carbon Energy Regime: Engineering Challenges in Building and Transportation Sectors 139
Abstract 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Energy and Emissions and Their Reduction Potential in Building Sector 140
3 Alternative Energy Sourcing for Building and Transportation Sectors 141
4 Energy Classification, Ratings and Measurements in Buildings 142
5 Technology and Engineering Options for Efficient Buildings 143
6 Energy and Emission Reduction Potential in Transportation Sector 145
7 Energy/Emission Ratings for Transportation Sector 147
8 Technology and Engineering Options for the Energy Efficient Transportation 147
8.1 Road Transport 147
8.2 Rail Transport 148
8.3 Air Transport 148
8.4 Marine Transport 151
9 New Materials for Transportation Sector 152
10 Summary 153
Acknowledgments 153
References 153
15 Energy Options and Scenarios for Transitioning to a Lower Carbon Economy: An Indian Perspective 155
Abstract 155
1 Introduction 155
2 Bio-based Routes to Fuels and Chemicals 157
2.1 Surplus Agri-residue to Hydrocarbons 157
2.2 Jatropha Based Biodiesel 158
2.3 Algae to Ethanol and Hydrocarbons 158
3 Global Outlook for a Bio-based Low Carbon Economy 159
4 Looking Forward 160
References 161
16 Mixed Culture Chain Elongation (MCCE)—A Novel Biotechnology for Renewable Biochemical Production from Organic Residual Streams 162
Abstract 162
1 Introduction 162
2 Result, State-of-Art and Conclusion 163
References 163
17 Bio-energy and Bio-refinery: Advances and Applications 164
Abstract 164
1 Introduction 164
References 166
18 Sulfonated Polyethersulfone/Torlon Blend Membrane Incorporated with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Production from Kitchen Wastewater Using Microbial Fuel Cell 167
Abstract 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Experimental Results 168
3 Conclusions 170
References 171
19 Development of Sulfonated Polyethersulfone/Matrimid Acid-Base Blend Membrane for Energy Production Through Fuel Cells 172
Abstract 172
1 Introduction 172
2 Experimental Results 173
3 Conclusions 175
References 175
20 Adaption of a Green Technology (Friction Stir Welding) to Join Fusion Energy Materials 176
Abstract 176
1 Introduction 176
2 Experimental Result 177
2.1 Experimental Procedure 177
2.2 Results and Discussion 178
3 Conclusions 180
References 180
21 Advanced Materials for Indian Future Nuclear Energy Systems 181
Abstract 181
1 Introduction 181
2 Mechanical Behavior of Structural Materials 181
3 Conclusions 183
Reference 183
22 Mitigating Embrittlement in Structural Steels of Power Plants by Grain Boundary Engineering 184
Abstract 184
1 Introduction 184
2 Experiments 185
3 Results 185
4 Conclusion 186
Reference 186
Author Index 187