Correlated Functional Oxides (eBook)

Hiroaki Nishikawa / Degree: Ph.D. (Osaka Univ.), M.S. (Osaka Univ.) / Title: Associate Prof. at Kindai Univ. / Visiting Researcher: Univ. Twente 2007-2008 (The Netherlands) / Research Field: Oxide Electronics, Oxide Heterointerfaces and their Interface Properties, Bioceramic Thin Films / International Activity: International Conference Organizer of HTCMC 9 in conjunction with GFMAT 2016 (Toronto, Canada), IUMRS-ICAM 2015 (Jeju, Korea), JSAP-MRS Joint Symposia 2013 (Kyoto, Japan) etc. and Many Invited Talks such as Keynote Speaker of IUMRS-ICEM 2014 (Taipei, Taiwan). Nobuyuki Iwata / Degree: Ph.D. (Waseda Univ.), M. Eng. (Waseda Univ.) / Title: Associate Prof. at Nihon Univ. / Visiting Researcher: Univ. Twente 2008-2009 (The Netherlands) / Research Field: Multi-functional Oxide Films, Magnetoelectric Films, Synthesis Process for Carbon Related Materials / International Activity: International Conference Organizer of MRS-J 2015 (Yokohama, Japan), IUMRS-ICAM 2015 (Jeju, Korea), MRS-JSAP Joint Symposia 2012 (San Francisco, USA) etc. and Many Invited Talks such as Keynote Speaker of IUMRS-ICA 2014 (Fukuoka, Japan).  Tamio Endo / Degree: Ph.D. (Kyoto Univ.), MsD (Gifu Univ.) / Title: Emeritus Prof. of Mie Univ. (Jp), Gifu Univ. Special Researcher (Jp), Honorary Prof. of Southwest Jiaotong Univ. (Ch) / Visiting Researcher: Univ. Cal.- San Diego 1995 (USA) / Research Field: Oxide Thin Films, Heterostructures, Plasma Effects and Bonding of Polymer Films / Academic Project: Many of International Academic Projects and Jp-In Cooperative Science Program / International Activity: * Many of International Conference Organizers and Plenary Speakers * Many Foreign University Guest Talks * Representative of for International Activity.  Yayoi Takamura / Degree: Ph.D. (Stanford Univ.), M.S. (Stanford Univ.) / Title: Associate Prof. at Univ. California, Davis / Research Field: Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films, Heterostructures, Nanostructures and the Characterization of the Novel Functional Properties Associated with their Interfaces / International Activity: International Conference Organizer of symposia at 2014 and 2016 MRS Spring Meeting (San Francisco, USA), JSAP-MRS Joint Symposia 2013 (Kyoto, Japan), 2013 APS March Meeting (Baltimore, USA) etc. and Many Invited Talks such as Plenary Speaker of ICNM-2013 (Istanbul, Turkey).  Gun-Hwan Lee / Degree: Ph.D. (Nantes Univ.), M.S. (KAIST) / Title: Principal Researcher at Korea Inst. Mater. Sci. / Research Field: High Quality Transparent Conductive Oxides, Indium Free TCO Coatings and Interface Controls in the Multi Oxide Layers for Increasing the Opto-electrical Properties / International Activity: International Conference Organizer of IUMRS-ICAM 2015 (Jeju, Korea), OMTAT 2013 (Kochi, India), JSAP-MRS Joint Symposia 2013 (Kyoto, Japan) etc. and Many of Plenary Speakers.  Paolo Mele is currently Associate Professor Lecturer at Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Materials Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology (Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan). He obtained a master degree on Chemistry and PhD in Chemical Sciences at Genova University (Italy). In 2003 he moved to ISTEC-SRL in Tokyo to study melt-textured ceramic superconductors. Then he worked as post-doc at Kyoto University (JSPS fellowship) from 2004 to 2007, at Kyushu Institute of Technology (JST fellowship) from 2007 to 2011 and at Hiroshima University (as lecturer) from 2011 to 2014 before reaching his current position. His research interests include materials for energy and sustainable development (superconductors and thermoelectrics); fabrication and characterization of thin films of oxides, ceramics and metals; study of the effect of nanostructuration on the physical properties; thermal transport; vortex matter. He is author of more than 90 papers in scientific international journals, 4 book chapters, 2 patents and contributed to hundreds of communications at international conferences. He edited the book "Oxide Thin Films, Multilayers and Nanocomposites" for Springer in 2015.

Preface 5
Contents 8
Editors and Contributors 9
1 Functional Iron Oxides and Their Heterostructures 12
Abstract 12
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 FeO: Transparent P-Type Oxide Semiconductor 13
1.3 ?-Fe2O3: Novel Oxide Photocatalyst for Solar Energy Conversion 18
1.4 Fe3O4: Room Temperature Ferromagnetic Oxide 22
1.5 Photocontrol of Spin-Glass State in Spinel/Garnet Ferrites 27
1.5.1 Photomagnetism in Spin-Glass Spinel Type Ferrites 28
1.5.2 Synaptic Signal Mimicked by Spin-Current in Spin-Glass Garnet Ferrites 30
1.6 Concluding Remarks 36
References 36
2 Functional Properties of Polydomain Ferroelectric Oxide Thin Films 40
Abstract 40
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Polydomain Ferroelectric Thin Films 42
2.3 Model of a Polydomain PZT Thin Film 44
2.3.1 Free Energy of a Polydomain, Clamped (001)-Oriented Thin Film 48
2.3.2 Application to a Tetragonal Polydomain Thin Film 49
2.3.3 Dielectric Properties of the Tetragonal (001) Polydomain Film 53
2.3.4 Lattice Parameters of the Tetragonal (001) Polydomain Film 55
2.3.5 Piezoelectric Properties of the Tetragonal, Polydomain (001) Film 55
2.4 Numerical Analysis 56
2.4.1 Numerical Results 57
2.5 Conclusions and Outlook 63
Acknowledgments 64
References 64
3 Stress Accommodation and Structural Distortions at Correlated Oxide Interfaces 65
Abstract 65
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Crystal Structure and Distortions of a Perovskite Unit Cell 67
3.3 Characterization of Octahedral Distortions by Advanced X-Ray Diffraction 70
3.4 Structural Distortions in Ultrathin Films and Interfaces 73
3.5 Conclusions 83
References 83
4 The Influence of Different Additives on MgB2 Superconductor Obtained by Ex Situ Spark Plasma Sintering: Pinning Force Aspects 85
Abstract 85
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Experimental 89
4.3 Results 96
4.3.1 Additives that Are not Reacting with MgB2 (Fig. 4.2) 97
4.3.2 Additives Reacting with MgB2 and Formation of Impurity Boride MyBz Phases (Fig. 4.4) 102
4.3.3 Additives: Metal (Fig. 4.5) and Metal Oxides (Fig. 4.6) Reacting with MgB2 and Formation of MguMv Impurity Phases 105
4.3.4 Additives which Are Source of Carbon (Fig. 4.7) Substituting for Boron in the Crystal Lattice of MgB2 107
4.4 Discussion 114
4.5 Conclusion 122
Acknowledgments 123
References 123
5 Infrared Spectra in Oxide Nanocomposites/Minerals 127
Abstract 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Spectral Range 128
5.3 Energy Levels in Molecules 129
5.4 Vibrational Modes 130
5.5 Stretching and Bending Modes of Vibration 132
5.6 Different Forms of Vibrations of Molecules 133
5.7 Degeneracy of the Bond 134
5.8 Fundamentals and Overtones 134
5.9 Characteristics of Combination Bands 135
5.9.1 The Calculation of Overtones and Harmonics 135
5.10 Types of IR Spectroscopy 135
5.11 Applications of NIR Spectroscopy 136
5.11.1 Advantages of Near Infrared/Infrared Spectroscopy 136
5.11.2 Disadvantages of NIR 136
5.12 Sample Preparation Procedure 137
5.13 Reflectance IR Spectroscopy 137
5.14 Applications 138
5.14.1 Nanoferrites 138
5.14.2 Molecules and Minerals 141
5.14.2.1 Water 141
5.14.2.2 Hydroxyl Ion (OH?) 142
5.14.2.3 Silicates 143
5.14.2.4 Carbonates 143
5.14.2.5 Oxides and Hydroxides 143
5.14.2.6 Sulfides and Sulfates 144
5.14.2.7 Halides, Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates, and Borates 144
5.14.3 Thin Film Metrology 145
5.14.3.1 Analysis of Silicon Dioxide Thin Film 146
5.14.4 Application of FTIR Spectroscopy in Environmental Studies 146
5.15 Summary 147
References 148
6 Self-assembled Nanocomposite Oxide Films 149
Abstract 149
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Growth Methodology of Self-assembled Nanocomposite Oxide Films 151
6.2.1 Film Preparation by PLD Techniques 152
6.2.2 Self-assembled Growth of Nanocomposite Oxide Structures 152
6.2.3 Physical Properties of Spinel (Fe,Zn)3O4–Perovskite BiFeO3 Nanocomposite Structures 155
6.3 Position-Controlled Nanocomposite Structures Using Nano-Seeding Assembly 157
6.3.1 Preparation of Nanodot Templates 158
6.3.2 Synthesis of Nanocomposite Structures by Combination of Self-assembly and Selective Growth Using Nanodot Templates 161
6.3.3 Growth Mechanism of Position-Controlled Nanocomposite (Fe,Zn)3O4–BiFeO3 Array 167
6.4 Summary 170
References 171
7 Functionality in Insulating Oxide Thin Films: Work Function Control and Polar Surface 174
Abstract 174
7.1 Introduction 174
7.2 Work Function Control at the Insulator Interface 175
7.2.1 Introduction 175
7.2.2 Kelvin Probe Technique 177
7.2.3 MgO/Nb:SrTiO3 179
7.2.4 LaAlO3/(Nb:)SrTiO3 184
7.3 Formation of Polar Surface by Thin Film Growth: Fabrication and Characterization of Polar MgO(111) 188
7.3.1 Introduction 188
7.3.2 MgO(111) Surface 189
7.3.3 Growth of MgO(111) Thin Films by PLD 191
7.3.3.1 Layer-by-Layer Growth of MgO(111) Thin Films Using NiO(111) Buffer Layer 191
7.3.3.2 Flat MgO(111) Films Grown on ?-Al2O3(0001) Substrates 193
7.3.3.3 MgO Thin Films on SrTiO3 Substrates: MgO(111) Versus MgO(100) 196
7.4 Concluding Remarks 199
Acknowledgments 199
References 199
8 Material Design of Metal Oxide Nanowires and Their Promises 204
Abstract 204
8.1 Introduction 204
8.2 Bottom-up Nanowire ReRAM Fabrication 205
8.3 Summary 211
References 212
9 Atomic Processes of Pulsed Laser Deposition During Growth of Alkaline Earth Oxide Thin Films 214
Abstract 214
9.1 Introduction 214
9.2 Mechanism of Laser Ablation on Alkaline Earth Metals 216
9.2.1 Experimental Techniques: PLD, QMS, and TOF 218
9.2.2 Results and Discussion 221
9.2.2.1 TOF Spectra and Amount of Desorbed Monovalent Ion on Laser Ablation of Alkaline Earth Metals 221
9.2.2.2 Influence of the Variation of Effective Pulse Duration by Using Double Pulsed Laser Ablation Technique 225
9.2.2.3 General Remarks and Considerations on the Mechanism of the Laser Ablation for the Metallic Bond Crystals 229
9.2.3 Summary of the Section 232
9.3 Study of the Migration Process of SrO During Laser Ablation 232
9.3.1 Experimental Techniques: On Time-Resolved RHEED 233
9.3.2 Results and Discussion 234
9.3.3 Summary of the Section 237
9.4 Conclusion 237
Acknowledgments 238
References 238
Index 240