CONAT 2016 International Congress of Automotive and Transport Engineering (eBook)

Preface 5
Scientific Committee 7
Contents 9
Advanced Engineering Methods 18
Novel Simulation Methodology for the Estimation of the Flow Mark Risk Associated with the Injection of Mass Colored Plastic Materials 19
Abstract 19
1 Introduction 19
2 Aluminum Pigments and the Metallic Effect 21
3 Local Flow Perturbations at the Source of Flow Marks 22
3.1 Developed Flow Zone – Wall Proximity 22
3.2 Developed Flow Zone – Core Zone 23
3.3 Fountain Flow Zone Role for the Generation of Flow Marks 24
4 Simulation Model and Correlation 25
4.1 The Model 25
4.2 The Study Case 25
4.3 Simulation Results and Correlation with Experiment 27
5 Conclusions 30
Acknowledgments 31
References 31
Numerical and Experimental Investigations of a Twin Sheet Thermoplastic Structure with Rectangular Frusta 33
Abstract 33
1 Introduction 33
2 Experimental Investigation of the Twin Sheet Structures 34
3 Numerical Investigation of Twin Sheet Thermoplastic Structures 37
4 Parametric Analysis 39
5 Conclusions 40
References 41
Expanded Polypropylene Finite Elements Analysis in Transport Application 42
Abstract 42
1 Introduction 42
2 Expanded Polypropylene 43
2.1 Applications 43
2.2 Properties and Behavior 43
3 Material Testing 44
3.1 Test Set-up and Results 44
4 Curve Fitting and Validation of Material Model 45
4.1 Curve Fitting of Material Model 46
4.2 Validation of Material Model 47
5 Finite Elements Analysis 48
5.1 Material Properties, Meshing and Boundary Conditions 48
5.2 Results 48
6 Conclusions 49
References 50
Functional Description and Design Aspects of Hybrid Transmissions 52
Abstract 52
1 Introduction 52
2 Generalization from Non-hybrid to Hybrid Modes 54
3 Examples of Graphical Representations for Operating Modes 55
3.1 P2-Double-Clutch-Transmission (DCT) 55
3.2 DCT with Integrated Hybrid 56
3.3 P3-DCT 57
3.4 Integrated AT-Hybrid with Several Modes and e-CVT 57
4 Operating Mode Transitions 58
5 Design Aspects 59
6 Clutches/Brakes and Their Dimensioning 59
6.1 Short Shifting Components 60
6.2 Bearings 61
6.3 On-demand Actuation 61
7 Summary 62
References 62
Comparative Study on the Performances of Aerodynamic Devices Used in Decreasing of the Automobiles Lift Force 64
Abstract 64
1 Introduction 64
2 Experimental Setup 65
3 Results and Discussions 67
4 Conclusions 69
References 69
Analysis of the Influence of the Drive Force Distribution Between Axles on an Automobile Stability in Its Curvilinear Motion 71
Abstract 71
1 Introduction 71
2 Vehicle Model 72
3 Under- and Oversteer According to ISO Standard 73
4 Tires Characteristics 75
5 Investigation of Influence of Drive Force Distribution on Vehicle Handling 76
6 Conclusions 78
References 78
About the Steering Kinematics of the Road Trains 80
Abstract 80
1 Vehicle Steering 80
2 Importance of the Research Theme 82
3 Road Trains 82
4 Steering Kinematics 84
5 Algorithm Implementation and Results 88
6 Conclusions 89
References 89
Evaluation by Experimental Methods of the Parameters that Influence the Behavior of Various Passenger Cars Classes in the Braking Process 91
Abstract 91
1 Introduction 91
2 The Experimental Determination of the Parameters that Influence the Behavior of the Cars in the Braking Process 92
3 Conclusions 98
References 98
Evaluation of the Behavior in Cornering for Different Classes of Passenger Cars by Numerical Modeling 99
Abstract 99
1 Introduction 99
2 Determination of the Distributed Masses on the Car Axles for Different Loads 100
3 The Numerical Evaluation Method 100
4 Obtained Results 102
5 Conclusions 104
References 104
Structural Dynamic Applications Using Principal Component Analysis Method 106
Abstract 106
1 Introduction 106
2 Deterministic Versus Random Loads 107
3 Road Noise Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 108
4 Road Noise Reduction Using Source Decomposition and Panel Contribution Analysis 110
4.1 Road Load Source Decomposition Process 110
4.2 Panel Contribution Analysis Process 112
5 Conclusions 113
References 115
Weight Optimization of Existing Transmission Housing for Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicles Using Correlated Simulation and Experimental Tools 116
Abstract 116
1 Introduction 116
2 Topology Optimization 117
3 Process Implementation 118
4 FE Modelling 119
5 PGAP Elements 119
6 Activating Non-linear Solution (NLPARM) 120
7 Structural Analysis 120
8 Static Analysis Results 121
9 Experimental Verification 123
10 Conclusions 124
Acknowledgments 125
References 125
New Approaches in Designing a Race Car Chassis for an Engineering Competition 126
Abstract 126
1 Introduction 126
2 Problem Definition 127
3 Methods and Materials 128
4 Results 131
4.1 Linear Braking 131
4.2 Optimization 132
5 Conclusions 134
Acknowledgements 135
References 135
Presentation of Tests with a Dynamometer Related to the Determination of Fuel Consumption in the NEDC and WLTC Driving Cycles and as Well Related to the Dynamic Behavior of Vehicles 136
Abstract 136
1 Introduction 136
2 Presentation of the Dynamometer 137
3 Consumption Measurement 139
3.1 NEDC (New European Drive Cycle) Und WLTC/WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle/Test Procedure) 139
3.2 Method of Measurement of the Fuel Consumption Driving the Test Vehicle 140
4 Determination of the Maximum Acceleration 142
5 Slippage at the Drive Wheels 142
6 Conclusion 143
References 143
Validation Procedure for Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle via Hardware in the Loop - Real Time Testing 144
Abstract 144
1 Introduction 144
2 Materials and Methods 145
2.1 Experimental Test Bed 145
2.2 Model in the Loop 146
2.3 Software in the Loop 147
2.4 Model Implementation 148
2.5 Hardware in the Loop 149
3 Conclusions 151
References 151
Experimental Investigation of a Vehicle Behavior Using Different Complex Data Acquisition Systems 152
Abstract 152
1 Introduction 152
2 Experimental Setup 153
2.1 MAHA Dynamometer Stand 153
2.2 OP-COM Interface 154
3 Results and Discussion 155
4 Conclusion 159
References 159
Validation of Kinematic Simulation of Sprocket Contacts of Chain Links by Experiments 160
Abstract 160
1 Introduction 160
2 Experimental Approach 161
3 Numerical Simulation 163
4 Correlation Between the Experimental Approach and the Numerical Simulation 165
5 Conclusions 166
References 167
Belt Losses Evaluation for a Push-Belt CVT 168
Abstract 168
1 Introduction 168
2 Virtual Development Methodology 169
2.1 The Transmission 169
2.2 The Simulation Model 171
2.3 The Heat Exchange 173
3 Simulation Results 174
4 Conclusions 175
Kinematic and Dynamic Study of a Mechanism for a Vehicle Front and Rear Stabilizer Bars 177
Abstract 177
1 Introduction 177
2 Experimental Setup 178
3 Rear Stabilizer Bar Test Bed Elasto-Dynamic Analysis 179
3.1 Mathematical Modeling 179
3.2 Numerical Simulations 180
4 Experimental Analysis of a Rear Axle Stabilizer Bar 182
5 Conclusions 184
References 184
Methods for Modeling an Elastic System with Permanent Contour Coupling Deformation 186
Abstract 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Modeling the Coupling Elastic Structure 187
2.1 Structure of Cylindrical Articulate Beams (Rotation Is Permitted), Fig. 2 188
2.2 Structure of Fixed Beams, Fig. 3 189
3 Conclusion 193
References 193
Reinvestigation of the Electromagnetic Valve Train (EMVT) Technology via Multidomain Simulation 194
Abstract 194
1 Introduction 194
2 Basic Principles of a Spring Mass System Based EMVT 195
3 Simulation method 197
3.1 Simulation of the mechanical and electrical system 197
3.2 Magnetic field simulation 198
3.3 Gas force analysis 198
3.4 Controller simulation 199
4 Simulation results 201
5 Summary 202
References 202
Study on Mixture Formation at an Experimental Spark Ignition Engine 203
Abstract 203
1 Introduction 203
2 Prerequisites for Testing and Simulation 204
3 Experiments on Single-Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine 205
4 Mixture Formation Prediction Through CFD Trials 207
4.1 Prerequisites for the CFD Analysis 207
4.2 Preliminary Results 208
5 Conclusions and Future Work 209
Acknowledgements 210
References 210
Aspects Concerning Modeling of Combustion for Compression Ignition Engine with Injection Management 211
Abstract 211
1 Introduction 211
2 Application Requirements 212
3 Experimental Compression Ignition Single Cylinder Testing 213
3.1 Evaluation of In-Cylinder Processes 214
3.2 Simulation 216
4 Conclusions and Future Work 217
References 218
Comparative Study on the Performances of the One-Way Hydraulic Valves 219
Abstract 219
1 Introduction 219
2 State of the Art and Application Requirements 220
3 CFD Simulation Models for the Proposed One-Way Valves 221
3.1 Simulation Methodology 221
3.2 Ball Check Valve and Spring Valve 222
3.3 Reed Valve 223
4 Conclusions 224
Acknowledgements 224
References 224
Estimation of Boiling Points of Brake Fluids 225
Abstract 225
1 Introduction 225
2 Experimental Section 226
2.1 Materials and Methods 226
2.2 Used Apparatus 226
3 Results and Discussion 227
4 Conclusions 231
References 231
Modelling and Optimization of Constructive Form for GO-NOGO Exterior and Interior Diameter Gauges 233
Abstract 233
1 Introduction 233
2 Actual Principles for Selection of Methods and Instruments for Control of Product Quality 234
3 Finite Element Modelling for Interior and Exterior Diameter Gauges 234
4 Constructive Form Optimization for Exterior Diameter Gauge in Order to Reduce the Thermal Expansion 239
5 Conclusions 241
References 242
Systems Engineering Requires Digital Twins of Machine Elements 243
Abstract 243
1 Introduction 243
2 The Virtual Twin of a Machine Element 244
3 Model Based Systems Engineering 246
4 Conclusions 248
References 249
Collaborative Design and Use of Interactive Simulations: Boost the Learning Environment in Road Vehicle Dynamics Curriculum 250
Abstract 250
1 Introduction 250
2 Simulation Studies of Coast-Down Testing 251
2.1 Learning Outcome: Coast-Down Simulation 251
2.2 Background: Theory of Coasting Vehicle 251
2.3 Simulation Methodology and Analysis 253
3 Simulation Studies of Brake Proportioning System 253
3.1 Learning Outcomes: Brake Proportioning Simulation and FMVSS 105 254
3.2 Background: Theory of Brake Proportioning 254
3.3 Simulation Methodology and Analysis 254
4 Simulation Studies of Driver-in-the-Loop 256
4.1 Learning Outcomes: Simulation Studies of Driver-in-the-Loop 256
4.2 Background: Driver-in-the-Loop 256
4.3 Simulation Methodology and Analysis 257
5 Conclusion 257
References 257
Experimental Researches on the Magneto-Rheological Dampers Response to the Control Parameters 259
Abstract 259
1 Introduction 259
2 Test Bench Presentation 261
3 Experimental Results 262
4 Conclusions 265
References 265
Innovative Solution for Motor Vehicles 267
Contributions in Experimental Research Concerning Diesel Fuel Supply and Lubrication in the Case of Comparative Study Between Euro V and IV Common Rail Engines 268
Abstract 268
1 Introduction 268
2 State of the Art Systems and Methods 269
2.1 Studies About Fuel Consumption and Lubrication 269
2.2 Mathematical Equations Related to the Fuel Consumption 271
3 Materials and Method 271
3.1 Conventional Methods Applied in Fuel Consumption Investigation 271
3.2 Materials and Test Procedures 272
4 Study of the Experimental Testing Results 275
5 Conclusion 278
Acknowledgement 278
References 278
Experimental Research Regarding the Possibility of Biofuel Fumigation Supply Method on a Single Cylinder Compression Ignited Engine 279
Abstract 279
1 Introduction 279
2 State of the Art Technology Available in the Research Field 280
2.1 Studies About Fuels and Biofuels Close Related to Research Field 280
2.2 Relevant Studies Concerning Fumigation Method Applied in Diesel Engines 281
2.3 Mathematical Equations 283
2.4 State of the Art Research Technology Availableat Technical University 283
3 Materials and Method 284
3.1 Test Bench Components and Materials 284
3.2 Method of Investigation 284
3.3 Test Procedures 285
4 Analyze of the Experimental Results 286
4.1 Engine Torque and Speed Measurement 286
4.2 Engine Parameters on Graphic Charts 286
5 Conclusion 287
Acknowledgements 288
References 288
Study on a Stratified Charge Spark Ignition Automotive Engine 289
Abstract 289
1 Introduction 289
2 The Constructive Solution 290
3 Experimental Tests 294
4 Experimental Results 295
5 Conclusions 300
References 301
Researches on Cooling Air Flow Control Devices Using on Cars with Internal Combustion Engines 302
Abstract 302
1 Introduction 302
2 Experimental Method 303
3 Experimental Data 305
4 Analysis of Experimental Data 308
5 Conclusions 308
References 309
Modeling the Energy Evaluation for an Electric Machine 310
Abstract 310
1 Introduction 310
2 Modeling and Simulation 311
2.1 The Electric Machine Functional Model 311
2.2 The Electric Machine Thermal Model 313
2.3 The Electric Machine Simulation Model 315
3 Simulation Results 315
4 Conclusions 317
References 318
Balancing of a Single Stage Reciprocating Compressor with Elastic Elements 320
Abstract 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Multibody Model 321
2.1 Dynamics 321
3 Results 322
4 Conclusions 324
References 325
The Calculation Algorithm for the Determination of the Temperature at the End of the Intake Stroke for GDI Engines 326
Abstract 326
1 Introduction 326
2 The Operational Scheme of the Proposed Propulsion System 327
3 Conclusions 332
Diagnosing the Operation of a Locomotive Diesel Engine Based on the Analysis of Used Oil in the Period Between Two Technical Revisions 334
Abstract 334
1 Introduction 334
2 Monitoring on Lubricating Oil – Case Study on DHLe 335
3 Chemico - Physical Characterization of Oil 336
3.1 Viscosity 336
3.2 Flash Point and Dilution 337
3.3 Density 338
3.4 Water Content 338
3.5 Determination of Oil Degradation - Oil Stain Analysis 339
3.6 Metal Analysis X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 340
4 Results and Discussion 340
5 Conclusions 341
References 342
Heavy and Special Vehicles 343
Simultaneous Influences of Tyre Pressure and Steering Geometry upon the Theoretical Speed Ratio in the Running Gear System of Four-Wheel Drive Tractors 344
Abstract 344
1 Mathematical Modelling of the Theoretical Speed Ratio in the Running Gear System of Four-Wheel Drive Tractors in a Straight Line Motion 344
2 Mathematical Modelling of Theoretical Speed Ratio in the Running Gear System of Four-Wheel Drive Tractors During Cornering 345
3 Effect of Theoretical Speed Ratio on the Slips of the Front and Rear Tyres of a Four-Wheel-Drive Tractor with Rigid Interaxial Coupling 347
4 Applications of the Mathematical Model Developed 347
5 Conclusions 350
References 351
Analysis of the Comfort of the Seats Used in Light Military Vehicles 352
Abstract 352
1 Introduction 352
2 The Stresses Transmitted to Seat 353
3 Data Analysis and the Influence Over Comfort 355
3.1 The Multidirectional Analysis of the Vibration 357
4 Conclusions 359
4.1 Research Directions for Improving Comfort 359
References 360
Aspects Regarding the Kinematic Optimization of a Tracked Military Vehicle’s Transmission 361
Abstract 361
1 Introduction 361
2 Intermediate Gear Drive Analysis by Simulating Its Work Within the General Simulation Model 362
3 Comparing the Data Obtained by Simulation 364
4 Conclusions 366
Acknowledgments 366
References 366
Automobile and Environment 367
Research on Gasoline Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine 368
Abstract 368
1 Introduction 368
2 Gasoline HCCI 370
2.1 Principle of Engine Operation 370
2.2 Control of HCCI Combustion 371
3 Experimental Setup 373
4 Research Results 373
5 Conclusions 380
References 380
Study of the Diesel Engine Cycle Variability at LPG Fuelling 382
Abstract 382
1 Introduction 382
2 Cycle Variability Study 384
3 Results 385
4 Conclusions 388
Acknowledgements 388
References 389
Direct Injection of Diesel and Ethanol in a Diesel Engine - A Numerical Analysis 390
Abstract 390
1 Introduction 390
2 Methodology 390
3 Validation and Results 392
4 Conclusions 396
Acknowledgement 397
References 397
The Effects of a Diesel-Ethanol Blend Without Additives on Diesel Engine Operation 398
Abstract 398
1 Introduction 398
2 Methodology 399
3 Results 401
4 Conclusions 404
Acknowledgement 404
References 405
The Influence of Biodiesel on Engine Combustion and CO2 Emissions 406
Abstract 406
1 Introduction 406
2 Simulation Model 407
3 Experimental Equipment and Test Description 409
4 Results 410
5 Conclusions 412
References 413
Modeling the Performances of a Vehicle Provided with a Spark Ignition Engine Using a Double Energy Source, Gasoline and Liquefied Petroleum Gas 414
Abstract 414
1 Introduction 414
1.1 Description of the Model 415
2 Experimental 416
3 Results and Discussions 420
4 Conclusions 424
References 425
Modeling the Performances of a Vehicle Provided with a Hybrid Electric Diesel Propulsion System (HEVD) 426
Abstract 426
1 Introduction 426
2 The Presentation of the Model 427
3 Results and Discussions 434
4 Conclusions 436
References 437
Aspects of Experimental Research on Hydrogen Fuelled Automotive Diesel Engine 438
Abstract 438
1 Introduction 438
2 Methodology of Experimental Investigation 439
3 Results 441
4 Conclusions 444
Acknowledgements 444
References 445
Researches on Combustion Quality for a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine 446
Abstract 446
1 Introduction 446
2 Combustion Quality Evaluation for Diesel Engines 446
3 Used Equipments 448
4 Research Methodology 449
5 Conclusions 451
Acknowledgements 452
References 452
Urban Transportation Solutions for the CO2 Emissions Reduction Contributions 453
Abstract 453
1 Introduction 453
2 The Analyzed Area 454
3 Energy Consumption and CO2 Mitigation Model for S?cele 455
3.1 Mathematical Model for S?cele Transportation System 455
3.2 Vehicle Fleet Renewal 457
3.3 Increasing the Average Travel Speed 457
3.4 Bicycle Lanes for S?cele 458
3.5 Students Mobility Management 459
4 Conclusions 459
Acknowledgements 460
References 460
Mission CO2 Reduction 462
Abstract 462
1 Introduction 462
2 Improving the Efficiency of the Powertrain and the Challenges to Be Overcome 463
3 Vibration Isolation – State of the Art 464
4 Alternative Solutions – Options and the Operating Principles That Define Them 465
5 Spring-mass System – Principle of the Dual-mass Flywheel 466
6 Anti-resonance – Principle of Interference 467
7 The Spring-mass Absorber 467
8 The Summation Damper 469
References 472
Experimental Research Concerning the Influence of the Electrochemical Reactions Induced by Products of an Electrolytic Cell Over the Emission Pollutants in ICE 473
Abstract 473
1 Introduction 473
2 Content 474
3 Hypothesis 476
4 The Experimental Unit 477
5 Test Results 478
6 Conclusions: “ECO” Maintenance System and Beyond 480
References 481
Energy-Based Approach to Model a Hybrid Electric Vehicle and Design Its Powertrain Controller and Energy Management Strategy 482
Abstract 482
1 Introduction 482
2 Powertrain Architecture 483
3 Powertrain Design and Model 483
3.1 Energetic Macroscopic Representation 483
3.2 EMR of the Studied Model 484
4 Powertrain Controller 486
4.1 Maximum Control Structure 486
4.2 MCS of the Studied Model 486
5 Energy Management Strategy 488
6 Results 489
7 Conclusion 490
Appendix A: Synoptic of Energetic Macroscopic Representation 491
References 491
Dynamic Control of an Electric Vehicle with Traction Induction Motor 493
Abstract 493
1 Introduction 493
2 Vehicle Propulsion Dynamics 494
2.1 Motion Forces 494
2.2 Traction Induction Motor 495
3 Dynamic Control of the Vehicle 496
3.1 Traction Control 496
3.2 Induction Motor Control 497
3.3 Vehicle Dynamics 498
4 Practical Results 499
5 Conclusions 500
References 501
A Propulsion System for Means of Transport with Non-autonomous Electrical Traction 502
Abstract 502
1 Introduction 502
2 The Operational Scheme of the Proposed Propulsion System 503
3 An Experimental Model to Demonstrate the Advantages of the Proposed Concept 505
4 Conclusions 506
References 507
Validation of a Human-and-Hardware-in-the-Loop Control Algorithm Using Real Time Simulation 508
Abstract 508
1 Introduction 508
2 Electric Vehicle Model 509
3 The Control Algorithm 514
4 Validation of the Control Algorithm Using Real Time Simulation 514
5 Conclusions 518
Acknowledgements 518
References 518
Electronic Control Systems of E-Smart Vehicle 520
Abstract 520
1 Introduction 520
2 E-Smart Vehicle Electronic Devices 521
2.1 Electronic Control Module 521
2.2 System Electronic Interface (SEI) 523
2.3 Battery Management System 523
3 E-Smart Vehicle Functionality 524
3.1 E-Smart Driving Modes 524
3.2 E-Smart Motor Parameters 525
4 Conclusions 527
References 527
Battery Management System of E-Smart Vehicle 528
Abstract 528
1 Introduction 528
2 E-Smart Vehicle Battery Management Components 529
2.1 Batteries 529
2.2 Batteries Charger 530
2.3 Battery Management System 530
2.4 Parameters Display System 532
3 E-Smart Battery Management Functionality 532
3.1 E-Smart Test Procedures 532
3.2 E-Smart Batteries Pack Parameters 532
4 Conclusions 534
References 535
New Materials, Manufacturing Technologies and Logistics 536
Worldwide Diversity Management of “Global Access” Renault/Dacia’s Vehicle Range by Using a Modern PLM System 537
Abstract 537
1 Context 537
2 Complexity of “Global Access” Range of Renault/Dacia 537
2.1 About Renault Technologie Roumanie (RTR) 537
2.2 Managing Diversity 539
3 The Renault’s Modern PLM Platform 541
3.1 Why PLM? 541
3.2 Choosing the Right and Tailored PLM Platform 541
3.3 Advantages – Why DS’ V6? 542
4 Case Study: The Worldwide Administration/Tracking of a BIW Common Part: Rear Skirt (End-Panel) of Sandero 543
References 545
Potential Capabilities of Shape Memory Driven Automotive Devices 546
Abstract 546
1 Introduction 546
2 State of Art of Shape Memory Alloys 547
2.1 Physical Effects and Fundamental Material Mechanisms 547
2.2 Available Alloys: Characteristics and Limitations 551
2.3 Potential Capabilities for SMAs in Automotive Applications 552
3 Examples for the Use of SMA in Automotive Devices 552
3.1 Overview of Potential Applications 552
3.2 First Serial Automotive Application: SMA Pneumatic Valves for Lumbar Support in Car’s Seats 552
3.3 Further Potential Applications 554
4 Summary and Outlook 555
References 555
Applicability of Composite Forming Technologies for Automotive Components 557
Abstract 557
1 Introduction 557
2 Technologies Used for Steering Column Components 557
2.1 Autoclave Technology 559
2.2 RTM Technology 561
2.3 Winding Space Technology 563
3 Conclusion 564
References 565
Constructive Optimization of Composite Materials Automotive Components 566
Abstract 566
1 Introduction 566
2 Concept Evolution for Steering Column Console Using Space Winding Technology 567
2.1 Version 1 567
2.2 Version 2 569
3 Conclusion 573
References 574
The Evaluation of Rheological Properties of Composites Reinforced with Hemp, Subjected to Photo and Thermal Degradation 575
Abstract 575
1 Introduction 575
2 Materials and Experimental Method 577
2.1 Materials 577
2.2 Experimental Methods 577
3 Results and Discussion 578
3.1 The Determination of the Surface Roughness Before and After Exposure to UV Radiation by Means AFM 578
3.2 The Evaluation of the Dynamic Modulus and Damping Coefficient for Different Frequencies of Dynamic Loads 579
3.3 The Assessment of Dynamic (Complex) Modulus and Damping Coefficient with Increasing the Temperature 581
4 Conclusion 583
Acknowledgement 583
References 583
Optimization of the Plastic Injection Molding Parameters by Using the Taguchi Method to Prevent Jammed Components in the Assembly Process of Mechatronic Devices 585
Abstract 585
1 Introduction 586
2 Taguchi Method 588
3 Study Regarding the Optimization of the Plastic Injection Molding Parameters 588
3.1 Material, Machine and Parameter Selection 588
3.2 Selection of Orthogonal Array 589
3.3 Shrinkage Measurements 590
3.4 Shrinkage Values and S/N Ratio 590
4 Results and Interpretation 591
4.1 ANOVA Analysis 593
5 Conclusions 593
References 594
Key Characteristics of the World Class Manufacturing Concept in the Production of Chassis for Buses Industry 595
Abstract 595
1 Introduction 595
2 World Class Business Process Management 597
3 Technical and Managerial Pillars of WCM 597
4 Appling WCM in the Buses Industry 598
5 Conclusions 600
References 601
Advanced Automotive Assembly Line Trends as Tools in Optimizing Production Line Performance 602
Abstract 602
1 Introduction 602
2 Configurative Variations of the Assembly Line 603
2.1 Team Based Assembly 604
2.2 Modular Assembly 605
2.3 Cell Assembly 605
2.4 “U” Shape Assembly Line 605
3 Advanced Automotive Assembly Line Trends 606
4 Conclusion 607
References 608
Cleaning Methods for Flux Pollution Measurement in Automotive CoolantLoop Components 609
Abstract 609
1 Introduction 609
2 Cleaning Methods 611
3 Measuring Methods 614
4 Flux Deposit Processes 614
5 Results 616
6 Discussion 618
7 Conclusion 618
References 618
Design and Development of Chassis Along with Novel Under Run Protection Devices for Commercial Vehicles with the Use of an Innovative Approach Resulting in Lighter Weight of the Vehicle 620
Abstract 620
1 Introduction 620
1.1 Frame Overview 621
1.2 Under Run Protection Devices 621
2 Development Phases with Virtual Validations 622
2.1 Frame 622
2.2 The Underrun Protection Devices 625
3 Physical Validation 627
4 Conclusion 628
Acknowledgments 628
References 629
The Quality Management Principles and Their Incidence Within ISO 9001:2015 630
Abstract 630
1 Introduction 630
2 The Quality Management Principles Within the ISO 9001 631
2.1 The Structure of the New ISO 9001:2015 631
2.2 The New Set of Quality Management Principles 632
3 Data Analysis for the Researched Study 632
4 Conclusions 636
5 New Developments for ISO/TS 16949 According with the ISO 9001 Family of Standards Changes 637
References 637
Product Quality Control Optimization for Selection of Measurement and Control Devices 639
Abstract 639
1 General Information 639
2 Actual Principles for Methods and Devices for Product Quality Control and Measurement Selection 640
3 Optimized Selection of Measurement and Control Devices from the Point of Time in Service Cost of the Equipment’s Used for Product Quality Verification 640
4 Conclusions 644
References 644
Improvement of the 8D Analysis Through a System Based on the “Internet of Things” Concept Applied in Automotive Industry 645
Abstract 645
1 Introduction 645
2 The Solution Presentation 647
3 The Central Station and Client Application 648
4 The Radio Network 649
5 The Endpoints from Workstations and Warehouse 650
6 Conclusions 651
References 652
A Case Study Regarding the Implementation of Six Sigma in an Assembly Process for the Automotive Parts 653
Abstract 653
1 Introduction 653
2 Implementation of Six Sigma. Case Study 654
2.1 Define Phase 654
2.2 Measure Phase 655
2.3 Analyze Phase 656
2.4 Improvement Phase 656
2.5 Control Phase 657
3 Conclusions 660
References 660
Advanced Transport Systems and Road Traffic 661
Analysis of the Influence of One-Way Streets on the Urban Road Networks Connectivity 662
Abstract 662
1 Introduction 662
2 One-Way Streets Particularities 663
3 Connectivity in Road Networks 664
3.1 Road Networks Representation 664
3.2 Basics of Graph Theory and Connectivity 665
3.3 Topological Measures of the Graph 666
3.4 The Influence of One-Way Streets on the Connectivity Indicators in Intersections 669
4 Analysis of the Civic Center Area of the Brasov City Network 670
4.1 Primal and Dual Graph for the Road Network with One-Way Streets (Scenario S1 – Real Situation) 671
4.2 Primal and Dual Graph for Two-Way Road Network (Scenario S2) 672
5 Conclusions 675
References 675
Cooperative Smart Intersection as an Enabler of Advanced Traffic Management Systems 677
Abstract 677
1 Introduction 677
2 Cooperative Smart Intersection 678
2.1 Application Insights 678
2.2 Challenges 679
2.3 Benefits and Future Evolutions 679
3 Impact Assessment 680
3.1 Evaluation Context and Experiments Set-up 680
3.2 Data Elaboration Process 680
3.3 Discussion on Results 681
4 Conclusions 682
Acknowledgements 683
References 683
Bus Routing Safety for the Transportation of Children to School 685
Abstract 685
1 Introduction 685
2 Methodology for Solving the SBRP in SAFEWAY2SCHOOL 686
2.1 Safe Map 686
2.2 Safety Criteria Used in the Presented Methodology 687
2.3 Pedestrian Routing 688
2.4 School Bus Routing 689
3 Conclusions 691
Acknowledgements 692
References 692
Improving the Road Traffic Regulation in the Area of Roundabout Intersections Function of the Traffic Streams Size 693
Abstract 693
1 Stating the Problem and the Objectives 693
2 Mathematical Modeling of Traffic Flows in a Roundabout 695
2.1 The 3-Arm Roundabout 696
2.2 The 4-Arm Roundabout 697
3 Synthesis of the Theoretical Results Obtained 698
4 Research Based on Traffic Observations for the Purposes of Submitting Proposals on Road Traffic Organization in the Podul Viilor Area 699
5 Proposals for Improving Traffic Regulation 701
Traffic Optimization in Urban Area - Roundabout Versus Lights Case Studies 703
Abstract 703
1 Introduction 703
2 Roundabout and Signals Traffic Capacity Evaluation 704
3 Case Study 706
3.1 Traffic Data 706
3.2 Results and Discussions 707
4 Conclusion 709
References 710
Mathematical Algorithm for Calculating the Total Traffic Lights Cycle in Junctions 711
Abstract 711
1 Introduction 711
2 Grouping Movements in Intersection 712
2.1 Possible Combinations of Moves for the 4 Arms 712
3 Traffic Light Cycle Calculation 715
3.1 Input Data in the Mathematical Algorithm 715
3.2 Saturation Flow 715
3.3 Traffic Light Cycle 716
4 Conclusion 718
References 718
Study on the Influence of Intersections with Forest Roads upon the Traffic Flows on Highways 719
Abstract 719
1 Introduction 719
2 Materials and Methods 719
2.1 Research Method 720
2.2 Instrumented Vehicle 720
2.3 Research Site 720
2.4 Data Acquisition Equipment 722
2.5 Conducting the Experiments 722
3 Data Processing and Results 723
3.1 Speed Variation Depending on Distance 725
3.2 Determination of the Speeds V15, V50 and V85 725
4 Conclusions 728
5 Proposals 728
References 729
Smart Solar Electric Tricycle 730
Abstract 730
1 Introduction 730
2 Electric Schematic of the Solar Tricycle 731
3 Resistive Forces and Tricycle Performance 732
4 Traffic Light Simulation and Data Processing 734
5 Simulation Results 735
6 Conclusion 737
References 737
Programming an Autonomous Mini-vehicle in Narrow Environments 738
Abstract 738
1 Introduction 738
2 Materials and Methods 739
2.1 The Hardware and Software Architecture of the Autonomous Mini-Vehicle 739
2.2 The Trajectory Planning Algorithm and Programing 740
3 Test Cases 742
4 Conclusions 744
Acknowledgment 745
References 745
About Uncontrollable Reactions of the Driver Due to Skin Mechanical Stimuli 746
Abstract 746
1 Introduction 746
2 State of the Art 747
2.1 About Vibro-Tactile Stimuli 747
2.2 About Neuro Biological Implications of Mechanical Stimuli Reaction 748
3 Materials and Methods 749
4 Results 750
5 Conclusion 753
Acknowledgements 753
References 753
Development of an Advanced Driver Assistance System Using RGB-D Camera 755
Abstract 755
1 Introduction 755
2 Development of the ADAS System 756
3 Evaluation of the Developed ADAS System 757
4 Conclusions 759
Acknowledgment 759
References 760
A Method for Transforming Electric Vehicles to Become Autonomous Vehicles 761
Abstract 761
1 Introduction 761
2 State of the Art 762
2.1 Electric Vehicles Architectures 762
2.2 Sensors 763
2.3 Mapping and Path Planning Algorithms 763
3 Hardware Architecture 763
3.1 Steering System 765
3.2 Brake and Acceleration System 765
3.3 System Level Sensors 766
4 Software Architecture 767
4.1 SLAM, Odometry and Path Planning 767
5 Safety Concept 768
6 Test and Validation 769
7 Conclusion 770
References 770
Accident Research and Analysis 771
Cars Crashes with Cars of Same or Different Generation – Occupant’s Loads, Timings and Acceleration’s Effects 772
Abstract 772
1 Introduction 772
2 Experimentals Tests 777
3 Conclusion 785
REFERENCES 788
Crash Tests Data Acquisition and Processing 789
Abstract 789
1 Introduction 789
2 Data Acquisition 790
2.1 Acceleration Measurement 790
2.2 Speed Measurement 792
3 Data Processing - Filtering 792
4 Crash Tests - Results 794
5 Conclusions 796
References 796
Research Regarding Occupant’s Movement in the Case of Frontal Collision Using High-Speed Video Recording 797
Abstract 797
1 Introduction 797
2 Objectives 798
3 Methods and Equipment Used 798
4 Results 799
5 Conclusions 804
References 804
Research Regarding the Influence of Vehicle’s Safety Restraint Systems on Its Occupants in Case of Rear-End Collision 805
Abstract 805
1 Introduction 805
2 Objectives 805
3 Methods and Equipment Used 806
4 Results 807
5 Conclusions 811
References 811
The Assessment of the Head Injury of a Pedestrian in Comparison with a Cyclist 812
Abstract 812
1 Introduction 812
2 Methodology 813
3 Results 814
4 Assessment of the Head Injury Risk 816
5 Conclusions 817
References 817
Determination of Kinematic and Dynamic Behavior in the Driver’s Skull upon the Impact with the Steering Wheel 819
Abstract 819
1 Introduction 819
2 The Virtual Prototyping of the Frontal Impact for a Complex Dummy-Vehicle-Safety Systems Structure 820
2.1 Vehicle Law of Motion During the Impact 820
2.2 The Dummy-Vehicle Model 821
2.3 The Kinematic and the Dynamic Behavior in the Dummy Head Area 822
3 Skull-Steering Wheel Impact Modeling 823
4 Conclusion 825
References 826
Pedestrian Dynamics During the Contact Phase with the Vehicle 827
Abstract 827
1 Introduction 827
2 General Simplified Model Illustrating the Movement of a Hit Body 828
3 Analysis of the Pedestrian Dynamics During the Contact Phase with the Vehicle 829
3.1 Sub-phase Between Primary Impact and Secondary Impact 829
3.2 Phase 1.2 After Secondary Impact Until the Flying/Falling Phase 832
4 Conclusions 833
References 834
Example of a High-Speed, Side-Impact, Car Crash Reconstruction Using a Planar Multibody Software 836
Abstract 836
1 Introduction 836
2 Accident Description 837
3 Computer Simulation 838
4 Results 839
5 Conclusions 840
APPENDIX 1: Geometry of the 2004 SKODA Octavia 840
APPENDIX 2: Geometry of the 2004 BMW Series 3 Touring 841
References 841
Is the Virtual Homologation for Pedestrian Protection Viable? 843
Abstract 843
1 Pedestrian Safety Systems 843
2 Pedestrian Crash Dynamics 844
3 Pedestrian Injury Biomechanics 845
4 Pedestrian Protection Homologation Tests 845
5 Virtual Test of a Pedestrian Crash 846
6 Results 847
7 Conclusion 849
References 850
Comparative Analysis of Kinematics and Dynamics Parameters that Characterize Vehicle-Pedestrian Collision 851
Abstract 851
1 Introduction 851
2 Circumstances of the Traffic Accident 852
3 Reconstruction of the Specific Parameters of the Vehicle-Pedestrian Traffic Accident 854
3.1 Reconstruction of the Specific Parameters of the Vehicle-Pedestrian Traffic Accident Using Analytical Methods with Numerical Solutions 854
3.2 Reconstruction of the Specific Parameters of the Vehicle-Pedestrian Traffic Accident Using Analytical Methods 857
4 Conclusions 861
References 861
The Importance of Consumed Energy for Deformation in Study of Collision 863
Abstract 863
1 Introduction 863
2 Side Impact Energy 864
3 Yaw Movement 867
4 Experimental Analysis and Electronics 869
5 Conclusions 870
References 870
Aspects Regarding the Reconstruction of Traffic Events 872
Abstract 872
1 Introduction 872
2 Linear Momentum and Principal Direction of Force 873
2.1 Principal Direction of Force 874
3 Occupant Dynamics 877
4 Experimental Analysis and Electronics 878
5 Conclusions 879
References 879
Vehicle Driver Drowsiness Monitoring and Warning System 880
Abstract 880
1 Introduction 880
2 Preliminary Results 881
3 Presentation of the Concept 884
References 886
Research Regarding Pedestrian Visibility During Night-Time Using Photo Processing 888
Abstract 888
1 Introduction 888
2 Methodology 889
3 Results 890
3.1 First Scenario – Source Vehicle Having Low Beams Turned on 891
3.2 Second Test Scenario – Source Vehicle Having the High-Beams On 891
3.3 Third Test Scenario – the Source Vehicle and the Oncoming Vehicles Have the Low Beams Turned on 892
4 Calculation of the Initial Car Velocity in Order to Avoid the Collision with the Pedestrian 893
5 Conclusions 895
References 895
Estimating the Costs Caused by Road Traffic Accidents in Romania 896
Abstract 896
1 Introduction 896
2 The Method 897
3 Costs Components 898
3.1 Classification of the Road Accidents and Injured Persons 898
3.2 Costs’ Structure 898
3.3 Total Costs 903
4 Conclusions 904
Acknowledgments 904
References 904