Innovative Design and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (eBook)

Dr. Ram P. Bajpai, Ph.D. (IIT-Delhi), D.Sc. (Hokkaido University, Japan) is presently the Chancellor of Vel Tech Dr.RR & Dr.SR Technical University, Chennai. He has also been the Director General of MM Group of Institution, MM University, Mullana and Vice-Chancellor of MM University Solan till November 30, 2011. At the time, he was also holding charge of three universities as Vice-Chancellor, namely (1) Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra; (2) Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar and (3) Deen Bandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal simultaneously. Before joining GJU, Hisar, Dr. Bajpai was Director/Distinguished Scientist/Scientist at Central Scientific Instrument Organization, Chandigarh, one of the pioneering Research laboratories under CSIR, Government of India, New Delhi. He has excellent knowledge of Japanese and German languages, having a large number of publications in national and international journals of repute and a good number of patents. Dr. Bajpai has guided a large number of Ph.D. and M.S./M.Tech/B.Tech students in their thesis work for the award of degrees in various areas of electronics/microelectronics, materials science, nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, etc. Dr. Bajpai was UNDP Project Co-ordinator/ Director for the Microelectronics Instrumentation Development programme started in 1984 at CSIO, Chandigarh. He has filed and registered a large number of patents. Dr. Ram P. Bajpai has been Scientist/Visiting Professor in several universities at Japan, Germany, Switzerland, France, and USA. Dr. U. Chandrasekhar is the Pro Vice Chancellor of Vel Tech Dr.RR & Dr.SR Technical University, Chennai. Previously, he was Director of Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI), an autonomous organ of The Institution of Engineers (India). Before taking charge as Director—ESCI, he was an Additional Director at a Ministry of Defence R&D organisation called Gas Turbine Research Establishment. For the past 26 years, he has been involved in design, analysis, prototyping, rapid manufacturing, and testing of aero gas turbine engines. He set up the first-ever rapid prototyping laboratory in the country. For his research efforts, he received commendation medal from the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister. He received a B.E. in Mechanical Engineering from NIT, Suratkal, M.Tech in Design Stream from IIT, Madras and Ph.D. from VTU. For his academic excellence at IIT-Madras, he received an award from former President of India Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. He was trained in Germany, UK, and Belgium in RP and sensor technologies. He is currently leading a critical technology development project of high-temperature thin film sensors in collaboration with NRC, Canada. He currently serves in the council of the Institution of Engineers and National Design and Research Forum. He was also chosen to represent India in the Young Leaders Convention of World Federation of Engineering Organisations at Geneva. He has been invited by several national and international professional bodies as the keynote speaker on advanced prototyping and sensor technologies.

Preface 6
Logos of Organizers 8
Organizer 8
Knowledge Partners 8
Organizing Committee 9
International Advisory and Technical Committee 9
Contents 12
About the Editors 18
1 Promising Configurations for Future Passenger Aircraft 20
Abstract 20
2 Ultrasonic Material Characterization and Testing of Anisotropic Components 23
Abstract 23
3 Measurement of Some Special Parameters of Engines 25
Abstract 25
4 The Wind Tunnel Test and Unsteady CFD of an Ornithopter Formation 26
Abstract 26
1 Introduction 27
2 Tethered Flight Test 27
3 Wind Tunnel Test 29
4 Unsteady CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) for Two-Ornithopter Formation 30
5 Conclusions 32
References 33
5 Strategies for Better Fuel Economy, Light Weighting, and Friction Reduction in Cylinder Components of IC Engines 34
Abstract 34
6 Fatigue and Fracture Reliability of Additively Manufactured Al-4047 and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys for Automotive and Aerospace Applications 35
Abstract 35
1 Introduction 35
2 Experimental Methodology 37
3 Results and Discussions 38
4 Conclusions and Outlook 40
Acknowledgments 40
References 41
7 Recent Advances in High Temperature Structural Integrity 42
Abstract 42
8 Future Technology Scenarios for Urban Mobility in India 43
Abstract 43
9 Wiring the Tin–Silver–Copper Alloy by Fused Deposition Modeling 44
Abstract 44
1 Introduction 44
2 Methodology 46
3 Results and Discussion 48
4 Conclusions 51
Acknowledgments 51
References 51
10 Design and Study of Aerodynamics of Wind-Solar Hybrid System for Domestic Application by Using Balsa Wood 53
Abstract 53
1 Introduction 54
2 Literature Survey 54
3 Wind System Design 54
4 Design of the System 59
5 Conclusion 69
References 70
11 An Automated System for Motioning the Cargo for Ground and Air Operations 71
Abstract 71
1 Introduction 72
2 Conceptual Design of the Automated System 73
3 Operation of the Automated Cargo Motioning System 75
4 Force Analysis of the Automated System 77
5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Improvement 78
Acknowledgments 78
References 78
12 Analytical Studies on TIG Welding of TI–6AL–4V Alloy Plates Using CAE 80
Abstract 80
1 Introduction 80
2 RLV-TD-Elevon Assembly 82
3 Elevon Assembly and Its Realization 83
4 Scope of the Project 84
5 Results and Discussion 85
6 Conclusion 87
References 88
13 Shape Parameterization of Airfoil Shapes Using Bezier Curves 89
Abstract 89
1 Introduction 89
2 Bezier Curves 90
2.1 Matrix Representation of Bezier Curves 91
2.2 Bezier Curve Representation of Airfoil Surface 91
3 Algorithm 92
4 Results 93
5 Conclusion 95
References 95
14 Flow Configuration Influence on Darcian and Forchheimer Permeabilities Determination 96
Abstract 96
1 Introduction 97
2 Materials and Methods 98
2.1 Test Methodology for Permeation 98
2.2 Method for Determining Darcian’s and Forchheimer’s Permeabilities 98
3 Results and Discussion 99
4 Conclusion 102
References 102
15 An Experimental Study on Flow of Micronized Silicon Carbide Particles Through Sintered Porous Materials 104
Abstract 104
1 Introduction 104
2 Experimental Setup 106
3 Results and Discussion 107
4 Conclusion 109
References 109
16 Design and Fabrication of a Quick Dismantlable Remotely Controlled Semirigid Finless Airship 111
Abstract 111
1 Introduction 111
2 Aim of Present Study 113
3 Initial Sizing of the Airship 113
4 Envelope Sizing and Fabrication 115
4.1 Profile Selection 115
4.2 Gore Design 115
5 Review of Previous Semirigid Airships 117
6 Details of the Semirigid Structure 118
6.1 Structural Layout 118
6.2 Ensuring Ease of Assembly and Disassembly 118
6.3 Construction Technique 120
6.4 Gondola Structure 120
6.5 Propulsion System 120
7 Flight Control System 122
8 Conclusions 123
Acknowledgments 124
References 124
17 Experimental and Simulation Study of Modified Acoustic Horn Design for Sonic Soot Cleaning 125
Abstract 125
1 Introduction 126
2 Sonic Soot Cleaning 126
2.1 Advantages and Applications of Sonic Cleaning 126
2.2 Construction and Operation of Acoustic Horn 127
3 Design of Modified Horn Geometry 127
4 Simulation Study 129
4.1 Modeling Horn Geometry 129
4.2 Meshing 130
4.3 Assigning Boundary Conditions 130
4.4 Studying Results 131
5 Experimental Study 133
5.1 Experimental Setup 133
5.2 Experimental Procedure 134
5.3 Experimental Results 136
6 Comparison of Simulation and Experimental Results 137
6.1 Comparison of SPL Obtained From Simulation and Experimentation 137
6.2 Comparison of Frequency Obtained From Simulation and Experimentation 137
6.3 Comparison of SPL With Increase in Length and at Different Pressures 139
6.4 Percentage Reduction in Frequency Obtained With Increase in Length 139
7 Conclusions 140
References 141
18 Fuzzy Logic Simulation for Brake-by-Wire Control System 143
Abstract 143
1 Introduction 143
1.1 Brake-by-Wire 143
1.2 Electromagnetic Brakes 144
1.3 Fuzzy Logic 145
2 Architecture 146
3 Mathematical Calculations 146
4 Applying Fuzzy Logic 149
5 Forming of Fuzzy Rules in LabVIEW Software 152
6 Input/Output Values for Triangular Membership Function in LabVIEW Software 152
7 Output Verification 152
8 Conclusion 154
References 155
19 Effect of Permeability on the Rayleigh-Type Acoustic Streaming 156
Abstract 156
1 Introduction 156
2 Formulation of the Problem 157
3 Acoustic Streaming at a Flat Plate Bounded Above by Porous Region 158
4 Model, Results and Discussion 159
5 Conclusions 161
Acknowledgments 161
References 161
20 Effect of Print Angle on Mechanical Properties of FDM 3D Structures Printed with POM Material 163
Abstract 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Methodology 164
3 Results and Discussion 166
4 Conclusions 172
Acknowledgments 172
References 172
21 Finite Element Analysis of Surface Grinding Process Using Nanofluids 174
Abstract 174
1 Introduction 174
2 Design of Grinding Wheel and Work Piece 175
2.1 Dimensions Used for Modelling 176
3 Results and Discussion 176
4 Taguchi Analysis 177
5 Conclusion 178
References 179
22 Resonance Behavior of Steam Turbine Blades with Zigzag Lacing Pins 180
Abstract 180
1 Introduction 180
2 Disk Modes and Resonance Condition 181
3 Determination of Nodal Diameter 182
4 Telemetry Instrumentation and Test Setup 182
5 Sensor Installation and Measurements 184
6 Analysis of Test Results 185
7 Conclusions 189
References 190
23 Optimization of GTAW Process Parameters on Mechanical Properties of AA 7075-T6 Weldments 191
Abstract 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Scheme of Investigation 192
2.1 Selection of the Base Material and Filler Wire Material 192
2.2 Identifying the Important GTAW Process Parameters 193
2.3 Finding the Range of Identified Process Parameters 193
2.4 Selection of Orthogonal Array 193
2.5 Conducting the Experiment as Per the Selected Orthogonal Array 194
2.6 Recording the Mechanical Properties 194
2.7 Finding the Optimal Process Parameters for Increasing the Mechanical Properties and Conducting the Confirmation Test 194
2.8 Developing Regression Model for Predicting the Mechanical Properties Within the Range 195
2.9 Identifying Significant Process Parameters 195
2.10 Checking the Adequacy of Developed Model and Its Validation 196
3 Heat Treatment of Welded Joints 197
4 Discussion 198
5 Conclusion 198
References 198
24 Experimental Investigation on the Effectiveness of Active Control Mechanism on Base Pressure at Low Supersonic Mach Numbers 200
Abstract 200
1 Introduction 201
2 Experimental Method 203
3 Results and Discussions 204
4 Conclusion 211
References 211
25 A Review on the Trends and Developments in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 213
Abstract 213
1 Introduction 213
2 History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 214
3 Current Hybrid Scenario 215
4 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Configurations 217
4.1 Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle 217
4.2 Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle 217
4.3 Series–Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle 219
5 Power Electronics Converters in Hybrid Systems 219
5.1 DC–DC Converters 220
5.2 AC–DC Bidirectional Converters 220
5.3 Resonant Converters 220
6 Electrical Machines in Hybrid Systems 221
6.1 Brushed DC Motor 221
6.2 Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC) 221
6.3 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) 222
6.4 Axial Flux Ironless Permanent Magnet Motor 222
6.5 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 222
7 Energy Sources and Soc Optimization Techniques 223
7.1 Passive Cell Balancing 224
7.2 Active Cell Balancing 225
8 Hybrid Design Considerations and Performance Analysis 225
9 Future Hybrid Vehicles 227
9.1 Solar-Powered Hybrid Electric Vehicles 227
9.2 Wind-Powered Hybrid Electric Vehicle 227
9.3 Wireless Power Transmission 228
9.4 Grid Integration of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 228
10 Conclusion 229
References 230
26 Design of Expert Combustion Monitoring System 232
Abstract 232
1 Solution of the Combustion Equation 232
1.1 Factors Affecting Combustion of the Engine 233
2 Expert System 235
2.1 Methodology-Flow Chart 235
3 Expert Combustion Monitoring System 236
3.1 Design of Expert Combustion Monitoring System 236
3.2 The Knowledge Base of the Expert System 236
4 Conclusion 238
5 Future Works 239
5.1 Measuring System for Vibration Effect 239
5.2 Measuring System for Material Effect 239
References 239
27 Structural Performance Analysis of SAE Supra Chassis 240
Abstract 240
1 Introduction 241
2 The Chassis 241
3 Design Methodology 242
4 Material Selection 242
5 Vehicle Loading 243
6 Effect of Chassis on Different Race Condition 244
7 Dynamic Loading 244
8 Lateral Bending 245
9 Acceleration and Brake Test 249
10 Impact Loading 249
11 Selection of Theory of Failure 250
12 Torsional Rigidity 250
13 Effect of Wall Thickness on Torsional Stiffness 252
14 Conclusion 252
Reference 253
28 Parametric Optimization of FSAE Restrictor for Random Vibrational Analysis 254
Abstract 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Research Methodology 255
2.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics Optimization 255
3 Fluid Flow Analysis 256
4 Structural Interaction 257
4.1 Convergence Criteria 259
4.2 Random Vibration Analysis 259
5 Conclusion 262
References 262
29 Taguchi’s Parametric Approach in Optimizing Selective Inhibition Sintering Process Variables 264
Abstract 264
1 Introduction 264
1.1 Selective Inhibition Sintering Process 264
1.2 Taguchi Method 265
2 Design of Experiments 265
2.1 Orthogonal Array 266
2.2 FEA Modeling 266
2.3 S/N Ratio 268
3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 268
4 Conclusion 269
Acknowledgments 270
References 270
30 Design of an Aircraft Wing for Given Flight Conditions and Planform Area 271
Abstract 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Design Methodology and Simulation Cases 272
3 CFD Simulations for Validation and Verification 273
4 Results and Discussion 274
4.1 Effect of Camber on 2D Airfoil 274
4.2 Effect of 3D Wing Sweep and Thickness to Chord Ratio, t/c, Along the Span 274
4.3 Effect of Twist 276
4.4 Subsonic Simulations for Cruise, Take-off, and Landing 277
5 Conclusions 277
Acknowledgments 278
Appendix: Selected Wing Configurations 278
References 278
31 Investigations on the Influence of Mechanical Behaviour of Copper Aluminium Nickel Powder Compacts Processed Through Powder Metallurgy 280
Abstract 280
1 Introduction 281
2 Materials and Methodology Used 281
2.1 Experimental Material 281
2.2 Specimen Production 282
2.2.1 Ball Milling Process 282
2.2.2 Compaction 282
2.2.3 Sintering of Powder Compact 283
2.3 Experimental Method 284
2.3.1 Measurement of Hardness 284
2.3.2 Measurement of Density 285
3 Analysis Technique 285
3.1 Experimental Results 285
3.2 Optimization Using Grey Relational Analysis 286
3.3 Confirmation Test and Results 289
4 Conclusions 290
Acknowledgments 290
References 290
32 Investigations on the Performance of Various Bio-Fuels Along with Low Thermal Conductivity Piston Crown in a Diesel Engine 292
Abstract 292
1 Introduction 292
2 Experimental Setup 293
3 Results and Discussion 295
3.1 Performance Parameters 295
3.2 Heat Balance Details of the Engine 296
3.3 Exhaust Emissions 298
4 Conclusions 299
References 299
33 Design and Development of FPGA-Based MAGLEV System for a Low-Speed Wind Tunnel 301
Abstract 301
1 Introduction 301
2 Description of MAGLEV System 302
3 Experimentation 303
4 Results 304
5 Conclusion 305
Acknowledgments 305
References 305
34 Performance Investigation of High Temperature Combustion Technology (HiCOT) Using CFD Simulation 306
Abstract 306
1 Introduction 307
1.1 HiCOT 307
2 Project Methodology 308
2.1 Problem Description 308
2.2 Numerical Calculation 308
2.3 Fluent Setup 308
2.4 Boundary Condition 308
2.5 2D Model 308
2.5.1 Mesh Model and Mesh Details 310
2.5.2 Results and Discussion 311
Static Tempeature 311
O2 313
CO2 314
NOx 315
2.6 3D Combustor Model 316
2.6.1 Mesh Model of 3D Combustor & Mesh Details
2.6.2 Mesh Details of 3D Combustor 316
2.6.3 Results and Discussion 317
Static Tempeature 317
O2 318
CO2 319
2.7 Discussion of Results 320
2.8 Comparison of 2D and 3D Combustor 320
3 Comparison of Results 321
4 Advantages 322
5 Conclusion 322
References 322
35 Calculation of Theoretical Performance of Boron-Based Composite Solid Propellant for the Future Applications 324
Abstract 324
1 Introduction 325
2 Methodology 326
3 Result and Discussion 327
4 Conclusion 331
References 332
36 PreSTo Wing Module Optimization for the Double Trapezoidal Wing 333
Abstract 333
1 Introduction 334
2 Simple Aircraft Sizing (SAS) 335
3 OPerA—Optimization in Preliminary Aircraft Design 335
4 Overview of PreSTo 336
5 PreSTo Wing Design 337
5.1 Sweep Angle 337
5.2 Wing Geometry Results 340
6 OpenVSP Connect 341
7 Summary and Future Steps 341
References 341
37 Optimization Technique Applied for Method of Evaluation of a Controllable Factor of FSAE Car Chassis 343
Abstract 343
1 Introduction 344
2 Adopted Design Procedure of Chassis 344
2.1 Material Selection 344
2.2 Frame Design 344
2.3 Methodology 345
2.4 Loading Conditions [7, 8] 346
2.5 Analysis 346
3 Finite Element Analysis of the Chassis 347
3.1 Surface Response 348
3.2 Goodness of Fit 352
4 Conclusion 353
References 353
38 Multi-objective Optimization of EDM Process Parameters Using PCA and TOPSIS Method During the Machining of Al-20 % SiCp Metal Matrix Composite 354
Abstract 354
1 Introduction 354
2 Experimentation 355
2.1 Experimental Setup 355
2.2 Electrode and Workpiece Material 356
2.3 Design of Experiments 356
2.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 356
2.5 TOPSIS 357
3 Results and Discussion 359
3.1 Effect of Current, Pulse on Time and Gap Voltage on MRR 359
3.2 Effect of Current, Pulse on Time and Gap Voltage on TWR 360
3.3 Effect of Current, Pulse on Time and Gap Voltage on Surface Roughness 361
4 Conclusion 361
References 362
39 Study of Static Stall Characteristics of a NACA 0012 Aerofoil Using Turbulence Modeling 363
Abstract 363
1 Introduction 363
2 Solution Method 365
3 Results and Discussion 367
3.1 Lift Coefficients 367
3.2 Static Pressure Contours 369
3.3 Velocity Magnitude Contours 371
4 Conclusions 372
References 372
40 Effect of Compaction Aspect Ratio on Wear Characteristics of Sinter Extruded Pure Copper Processed Through Powder Metallurgy Route 373
Abstract 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Experiment 375
3 Result and Discussion 375
4 Conclusion 377
References 378
41 Optimization of Process Parameters and Investigation on Surface Characteristics During EDM and Powder Mixed EDM 379
Abstract 379
1 Introduction 379
2 Experimental Details 380
2.1 Machine Setup 380
2.2 Design of Experiments 380
3 Results and Discussion 381
3.1 Material Removal Rate and Tool Wear Rate 381
3.2 Effect of Input Parameters on Surface Roughness 381
3.3 Effect of Input Parameters on Recast Layer Thickness 381
3.4 Single Objective Optimization 383
3.5 Confirmatory Tests 383
3.6 Microstructure Analysis 384
4 Conclusion 384
References 385
42 Evaluation of Tensile Properties of Natural Silk and Coir Fibers 386
Abstract 386
1 Introduction 386
2 Materials and Methods 387
2.1 Materials 387
3 Tensile Test 388
4 Results and Discussion 388
5 Conclusions 391
Acknowledgments 391
References 392
43 Comparison of Turbulence Models in Simulating Axisymmetric Jet Flow 393
Abstract 393
1 Introduction 393
2 Computational Method 394
2.1 Computational Domain and Grid 394
2.2 Flow Details 394
2.3 Simulation Details 395
2.4 Turbulence Models 395
3 Results and Discussion 395
3.1 Inverse Mean Axial Velocity Decay 395
3.2 Turbulent Intensity 396
3.3 Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) 396
3.4 Streamlines 398
4 Conclusion 399
References 399
44 Finite Element Analysis of High Strength Polymers Interaction with Inhibitors in Selective Inhibition Sintering Process 400
Abstract 400
1 Introduction 400
2 Finite Element Analysis 401
2.1 Simulation Model 401
2.2 Boundary Conditions 402
3 Results and Discussion 403
3.1 Temperature Distribution 403
3.2 Effect of Displacement Variation Using Various Inhibitors 404
4 Conclusion 404
Acknowledgments 405
References 405
45 Optimization of Process Parameters of Powder Additive-Mixed Electrical Discharge Machining 406
Abstract 406
1 Introduction 407
1.1 Literature Review 408
2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 408
2.1 Experimental Design and Procedure 410
2.2 Result and Discussion 410
3 Conclusion 415
Acknowledgments 415
References 415
46 A Spring-Activated Quick-Response Mechanism for Legs of a Mooring Mast: Conceptual Design and Analysis 417
Abstract 417
1 Introduction 418
2 Conceptual Design of the Quick-Response Mechanism 418
3 Operation of the Quick-Response Mechanism 420
4 Mechanical Analysis of the Quick-Response Mechanism 421
5 Stress Analysis of the Quick-Response Mechanism 422
6 Summary and Conclusions 425
Acknowledgments 425
References 425
47 Aluminum Agglomerate Size Measurements in Composite Propellant Combustion 427
Abstract 427
1 Introduction 427
2 Experimental Details 428
2.1 Propellant Samples 428
2.2 Burning Rate Measurement 428
2.3 Agglomerate Collection and Size Analysis 428
3 Results and Discussions 429
3.1 Observations on Burning Rate Trends 429
4 Conclusions 434
References 434
48 Handling Simulation and Experimentation of an Armoured Multi-axle Vehicle with Multi-axle Steering 436
Abstract 436
1 Introduction 436
2 Cornering Equations 437
3 Steering Kinematics Verification 440
4 Test Procedure 440
5 Conclusions 441
References 442
49 Analysis of Air-to-Air Rotary Regenerator for HVAC Systems Using CFD 443
Abstract 443
1 Introduction 444
2 Governing Equations 444
3 CFD Model and Description 445
4 Results and Discussion 447
5 Pressure Profiles 448
6 Conclusion 450
References 450
50 Design and Optimization of a Steering Knuckle of FSAE Car 451
Abstract 451
1 Introduction 451
2 Research Procedure 452
3 Material Selection 453
4 Selection of Manufacturing Process 453
5 Analysis of Forces Acting on Knuckle 454
6 Calculations 454
7 Stress Analysis 454
8 Conclusion 459
References 460
51 CFD Analysis of Flapping Wing for MICAV Application 461
Abstract 461
1 Introduction 461
2 Computation Method 462
3 CFD Computation 462
4 Results and Discussion 463
5 Conclusion 467
References 467
52 GA-Based Multi-objective Optimal Control of Nonlinear Quarter Car Suspension 468
Abstract 468
1 Introduction 469
2 Mathematical Modeling of NLQC 470
3 Multi-objective Optimal Control of NLQC 472
4 Result and Discussion 473
5 Conclusion 476
Acknowledgments 477
References 477
53 Study of the Influence of the Process Variables on Formability and Strain Distribution in Incremental Sheet Metal Working of AA 1050 Sheets 479
Abstract 479
1 Introduction 479
1.1 Objectives 480
2 Analysis of Incremental Sheet Metal Forming Using FEA 480
2.1 Tool Path and Force Measurement 481
2.2 ISMF Using CNC Machine Tool 482
3 FEA of Incremental Sheet Metal Forming 482
4 Experimentation 483
5 Results and Discussion 486
6 Conclusion 490
References 490
54 Operating Characteristics of Multi-cylinder Petrol Engine Using LPG With Methanol 492
Abstract 492
1 Introduction 493
2 Experimental Setup 495
3 Results and Discussions 497
4 Conclusion 500
Acknowledgments 500
References 500
55 Advances in Light Weight Materials for Body-in-White (BIW) 502
Abstract 502
1 Introduction 503
2 Driving Forces for Light Weight Technology 503
2.1 Fuel Economy 503
2.2 Safety and Crashworthiness 503
2.3 GHG Emissions 504
2.4 End-of-Life of-Vehicle (ELV), Recyclability and RoHS Directives 505
2.5 Other Driving Forces 506
2.6 Current Versus Emerging New Generation of Materials 506
2.7 Advanced High Strength and Ultra High Strength Steels (AHSS/UHSS) 507
2.8 Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys 508
2.9 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (FRP) 509
56 Health Monitoring for Armoured Fighting Vehicles 511
Abstract 511
1 Introduction 512
1.1 Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Health Monitoring 512
2 Components of Health Monitoring System 512
2.1 Sensors 513
2.2 On-board Processor 513
2.3 Offline Analyser 513
3 Types of Health Monitoring System 513
3.1 Prognostic Health Monitoring System 513
3.2 Diagnostic Health Monitoring System 513
4 Health Monitoring in AFVs—A Case Study on Advanced Vetronics System 514
4.1 Sensors Used to Monitor System Powerpack 514
4.1.1 RTD Sensor 515
4.1.2 Pressure Sensor 515
4.1.3 Current Sensing Circuit 515
4.1.4 Magnetic Pickup Sensor 515
4.1.5 Limit Switch 516
4.2 Types of Monitoring in Advanced Vetronics System 516
4.2.1 Online Monitoring 516
Power on Self Test (POST) 516
Diagnostics 517
4.2.2 Offline Monitoring 517
Data Logging and Maintenance 517
Offline Analyser 518
5 Conclusion 519
Acknowledgments 519
57 Orbital Parameters Variations of IRNSS Satellites 520
Abstract 520
1 Introduction 521
1.1 IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System 521
2 IRNSS-Measurement System 523
3 Methodology 524
4 Results 525
4.1 Semi-major Axis Variation 525
4.2 Eccentricity Variation 526
4.3 Inclination Variation 527
4.4 RAAN Variation 528
4.5 Argument of Perigee Variation 529
5 Summary 530
Acknowledgments 530
References 531
58 Cabin Control System on Temperature Impact Using Occupant Detection Scheme for M1 Category Vehicles 532
Abstract 532
1 Introduction 533
2 System Developed and Control Flow 536
2.1 Occupant Detection Scheme 536
2.2 Block and Flow Process 537
3 System Assembly and Model Developed 539
4 Conclusion 541
References 541
59 Viabilities of Replacing Combustion Engine by Electromagnetic Engine 543
Abstract 543
1 Introduction 543
2 Methodology 544
3 Material Required 544
4 Room Temperature Mechanical Properties 545
4.1 Change of Frequency 545
4.2 Cycloconverter 545
5 Calculations and Results 546
5.1 Magnetic Field 546
5.2 Required Frequency for Changing Polarity 547
5.3 Maximum Speed Attained 547
6 Conclusion 549
References 549
60 Comparative Approach Toward Modified Smith Predictor and Back Calculation design for Conical Tank Level Process Control 550
Abstract 550
1 Introduction 551
2 Methodology 551
3 Different Techniques with Architectural Changes 553
4 Results and Comparison 555
5 Conclusion 557
Acknowledgments 558
References 558
61 A Study on Effect of Piston Bowl Shape on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine 559
Abstract 559
1 Introduction 560
2 Numerical Methodology 561
3 Numerical Results 562
4 Experimental Setup and Procedure 564
5 Results and Disscusion 566
4 Conclusion 567
Acknowledgments 567
References 567
62 Investigation of a Novel Turboprop-Driven Aircraft Concept Including Future Technologies 569
Abstract 569
1 Introduction 569
1.1 Motivation 569
1.2 Concept for the Novel Turboprop Aircraft 570
1.3 Reference Aircraft and Reference Mission 572
1.4 Literature Review 572
2 Methods 573
3 Results 576
3.1 Single Parameter Variations 576
3.2 Choosing the Optimum TA Configuration 577
3.3 Description of the Optimum TA Design 579
4 Discussion 579
5 Summary and Conclusion 581
Acknowledgments 581
Appendix 581
References 582
63 Correction to: Design and Fabrication of a Quick Dismantlable Remotely Controlled Semirigid Finless Airship 584
Correction to: Chapter “Design and Fabrication of a Quick Dismantlable Remotely Controlled Semirigid Finless Airship” in: R.P. Bajpai and U. Chandrasekhar (eds.), Innovative Design and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1771-1_16 584
Author Index 585