Routing and Wavelength Assignment for WDM-based Optical Networks (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
List of Figures 11
List of Tables 15
1 Introduction to Optical Network 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.1.1 Synchronous Optical Networking/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 17
1.2 Optical Network Architecture 19
1.2.1 Broadcast-and-Select Optical Networks 19
1.2.2 Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks 20
1.3 Principles of Optical Fiber 22
1.3.1 Linear Impairments 24
1.3.2 Non-linear Impairments 25
1.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 25
1.5 Basic Components of WDM Optical Networks 26
1.6 Current Research Issues and Challenges 29
1.7 Organization of the Book 30
References 31
2 Literature Survey 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Lightpath Establishment 32
2.2.1 Static Lightpath Establishment 33
2.2.2 Dynamic Lightpath Establishment 33
2.3 Routing 34
2.3.1 Fixed Routing 34
2.3.2 Fixed Alternate Routing 35
2.3.3 Least Congested Routing 35
2.3.4 Adaptive Routing 35
2.4 Wavelength Assignment 37
2.4.1 First Fit 37
2.4.2 Least Used 38
2.4.3 Most Used 38
2.4.4 Random Wavelength Assignment 38
2.5 Traffic Grooming 40
2.5.1 Single-hop Traffic Grooming 40
2.5.2 Multi-hop Traffic Grooming 43
2.6 Fault Management 43
2.6.1 Protection 44
2.6.2 Restoration 46
2.7 Conclusion 46
References 46
3 Performance Analysis of Major Conventional Routing and Wavelength Assignment Approaches 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Model and Assumptions 50
3.3 Performance Analysis 51
3.3.1 Routing 53
3.3.2 Wavelength Assignment 56
3.4 Conclusion 57
References 58
4 End-to-End Traffic Grooming 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Model and Assumptions 60
4.3 Node Architecture 60
4.4 End-to-End Traffic Grooming 62
4.5 Performance Analysis 62
4.6 Conclusion 64
References 64
5 Priority-Based Routing and Wavelength Assignment Scheme 65
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Model and Assumptions 66
5.3 Priority-Based Routing and Wavelength Assignment Scheme 66
5.3.1 Priority Order Estimation 68
5.3.2 RWA Approach 70
5.4 Performance Analysis 71
5.4.1 Blocking Case 72
5.4.2 Non-blocking Case 75
5.5 Conclusion 76
References 77
6 Priority-Based Dispersion-Reduced Wavelength Assignment Scheme 78
6.1 Introduction 78
6.2 Model and Assumptions 79
6.3 System Description 81
6.4 Priority-Based Dispersion-Reduced Wavelength Assignment Scheme 82
6.5 Performance Analysis 84
6.5.1 Non-blocking Case 88
6.5.2 Blocking Case 90
6.5.3 Q-Factor Analysis 91
6.6 Conclusion 95
References 96
7 A Reliable Fault Resilience Scheme 98
7.1 Introduction 98
7.2 Model and Assumptions 100
7.3 Fault Detection Network Architecture 100
7.3.1 Link and Amplifier Fault Detection 100
7.3.2 Node Fault Detection 103
7.4 Reliable Fault Resilience Scheme 103
7.5 Performance Analysis 107
7.5.1 Reliability Measurement 108
7.5.2 Blocking Probability 110
7.6 Conclusion 111
References 112
8 Limitations of Conventional WDM Optical Networks and Elastic Optical Networks for Possible Solutions 114
8.1 Introduction 114
8.2 Concept of Elastic Optical Networks 115
8.3 Elastic Network Architecture 117
8.3.1 Bandwidth-Variable Transponder 117
8.3.2 Bandwidth-Variable Cross-Connect 119
8.4 Node Architectures 121
8.4.1 Broadcast-and-Select 121
8.4.2 Spectrum Routing 122
8.4.3 Switch and Select with Dynamic Functionality 123
8.4.4 Architecture on Demand 123
8.4.5 Comparing Node Architectures 125
8.5 Conclusion 126
References 126