Living Labs (eBook)

Contents 5
Contributors 8
Part I Introduction 11
1 Towards Sustainable Living 12
Abstract 12
1.1 Introduction: Toward Sustainable Living 12
1.1.1 Towards Sustainable Living and Living Labs 15
References 16
2 The Emergence of Living Lab Methods 17
Abstract 17
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 User-Centric Living Lab Methods 19
2.3 Emerging Methods 21
2.3.1 Mixed Methods Research 22
2.3.2 Experience Sampling and Daily Reconstruction Methods 22
2.4 Mixed Approach for Sustainability Living Lab 23
2.4.1 Integration Techniques Based on Mixed Methods 25
2.4.2 Choosing the Appropriate Level of Integration 26
2.5 Conclusion and Challenges 27
References 28
3 Social Practices as a Main Focus in Living Lab Research 31
Abstract 31
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Theories of Social Practices 33
3.3 Using Social Practice Theories in Research on Sustainable Consumption 35
3.4 Heating and Social Practices 36
3.5 Transition Research and Practice Theories 37
3.6 Conclusions for SLL Research 39
References 39
4 Green Economy as a Framework for Product-Service Systems Development: The Role of Sustainable Living Labs 43
Abstract 43
4.1 Sustainable Product Service Systems—Quality of Life Within Ecological Boundaries 44
4.2 Green Economy—A Possible Approach for Sustainable Socio-Economic Systems 45
4.2.1 Transition to a Green Economy—Eight Core Intervention Arenas Relevant for Sustainable Living Labs 48
4.3 Living Labs in a Green Economy—An Approach for Transforming the Production and Consumption System 50
4.4 From Living Labs Towards Sustainable Living Labs 51
4.5 SusLabNWE in Germany: Implementation of the Three-Phases Model as a Framework for PSS Development Towards a Green Economy 53
4.6 SusLabNWE in Germany: Results and Further Developments 55
4.7 Outlook: Sustainable Living Labs as a Transition Path to Green Economy 57
References 58
Part II Research Methods for Living Labs 61
5 Living Labs to Accelerate Innovation 62
Abstract 62
5.1 The Three-Tier Model 62
5.1.1 Co-development 64
5.1.2 Approach 64
5.1.3 LivingLabs Model 65
5.2 Research Through Design 65
5.3 Continuous Involvement of User Communities 67
References 68
6 Splashing: The Iterative Development of a Novel Type of Personal Washing 69
Abstract 69
6.1 Introduction 69
6.2 The ‘Bucket Wash’ 71
6.2.1 Practice-as-Performance and Practice-as-Entity 71
6.2.2 Analysing Showering 72
6.3 From Bucket Wash to Splashing 73
6.3.1 Cycle 1: Generative Improv Performances 74
6.3.2 Cycle 2: Evaluative Field Studies 75
6.3.3 Cycle 3: Technical Refinement 76
6.4 Conclusions 78
References 79
7 Design with Intent and the Field of Design for Sustainable Behaviour 81
Abstract 81
7.1 Introduction 81
7.2 Design and Behaviour 82
7.3 Multidisciplinarity and Complexity 83
7.3.1 Questioning Assumptions 84
7.3.2 Understanding People’s Lives 85
7.4 The Design with Intent Toolkit 86
7.4.1 Example: Applying the Toolkit to Explore Householders’ Perspectives 87
7.5 Discussion 91
References 92
8 Architectural Research in Living Labs: Exploring Occupier Driven Changes in Homes 95
Abstract 95
8.1 Introduction 96
8.2 Aim 96
8.3 The Need of Feed-Back from Use 98
8.4 Living Labs to Support Design of Sustainable Homes 98
8.5 Method and Approach 100
8.6 Preliminary Results and Discussion 102
8.7 Conclusions and Implications for Continued Research 103
References 104
Part III Sustainable Living Labs 106
9 DARE2Build 107
Abstract 107
9.1 Introduction 107
9.2 Call for Innovative Education: The Why 109
9.3 Course Creation: The How and the What 113
9.4 Next Steps 114
References 115
10 The Storyline for the Design Process that Shaped the HSB Living Lab 116
Abstract 116
10.1 Introduction 117
10.2 Storyline 117
10.2.1 Design Pilot 118
10.2.2 Concepts and Building Program 119
10.2.3 Program 119
10.3 Integration of the Six Focus Fields into the Design 122
10.3.1 Architecture, Plans and Accessibility 122
10.3.2 Architecture and Movability 122
10.3.3 Ecological Sustainability 124
10.3.4 Energy Systems 125
10.3.5 Social Laundry Room 125
10.3.6 Research 127
10.4 Insights 128
References 131
11 Exploring the German Living Lab Research Infrastructure: Opportunities for Sustainable Products and Services 133
Abstract 133
11.1 Introduction 134
11.2 Methodology for Assessing the Potential of a German Living Lab Research Infrastructure 135
11.2.1 The Living Lab Concept 135
11.2.2 Research Steps and Methods 135
11.3 Points of Departure for the Development of a Sustainability Living Lab Infrastructure in Germany—The Results 136
11.3.1 Results of Step 1: The Status Quo 136
11.3.2 Results of Step 2: What Areas of Application Promise the Greatest Sustainability Potentials? 138
11.3.3 Results of Step 3: Drivers and Barriers for a Sustainability Living Lab Approach 140
11.3.4 Results of Step 4: SWOT for the Implementation of the Living Labs for Sustainable Development Approach 141
11.3.5 Discussion of Strategies and Options for Action (Results of Step 5) 142
11.4 Summary and Conclusions 145
References 155
Part IV Living Labs and User Engagement 157
12 In-Situ and Mixed-Design Interventions 158
Abstract 158
12.1 Introduction 159
12.2 Mixed Designs 160
12.3 In-Situ Methods 161
12.4 Sensor Networks 162
12.5 The SusLab Toolkit 162
12.5.1 Sampling and Constructing Practices—Sequential Explanatory 163
12.5.2 Connecting Needs and Impact of Practices—Concurrent Triangulation 164
12.5.3 Ideation of Solutions—Sequential Exploratory 165
12.5.4 Experimentation of Technology Appropriation—Sequential Transformative 166
12.6 The SusLab Toolkit Generic Setup 166
12.7 Conclusion 167
References 168
13 Co-creation in Living Labs 169
Abstract 169
13.1 Introduction 169
13.2 Co-creation 171
13.3 The Theory Behind Co-creation 171
13.3.1 Co-creation. The Method of Choice for HSB Living Lab 171
13.3.2 Co-creation Workshop as a Tool for Innovation 171
13.3.2.1 Ideation 172
13.3.2.2 Transdisciplinarity 173
13.4 Co-creation Methodology in Practice 173
13.4.1 Overview 173
13.4.2 Preparing the Nature of the Co-creation Challenge 173
13.4.3 Co-creation Workshop Process 174
13.5 The Washing Room Example in HSB Living Lab (Next Generation Clothing and Laundry Workshop) 175
13.6 Conclusion 176
References 177
14 Participatory Drawing in Ethnographic Research 179
Abstract 179
14.1 Introduction 179
14.2 Aim and Approach 180
14.2.1 Ethnographic Research Methods 181
14.2.2 The Research Process 182
14.2.3 About the Study 183
14.3 What We Found 183
14.3.1 NatureCulture 184
14.3.2 Abstraction 185
14.3.3 Process Drawings 186
14.3.4 What We Do Not See 186
14.4 Reflections 187
References 188
15 Actor and Network Analysis 191
Abstract 191
15.1 Introduction 191
15.2 Methodology: Mixed-Methods in Social Network Analysis 193
15.2.1 Research Design in SusLabNRW 193
15.3 Quantitative Description of Social Networks 197
15.4 Qualitative Analysis and Integration 199
15.5 Conclusions 201
References 202
16 Design Participation in Sustainable Renovation and Living 204
Abstract 204
16.1 Introduction 205
16.2 Challenges in Participation 205
16.2.1 Participation in Sustainable Housing Renovation 205
16.2.2 Design Perspective 206
16.2.3 Design Participation 206
16.2.4 Contribution 207
16.3 Design Proposals 208
16.3.1 Overview 208
16.3.2 Before Renovation: Taking the InitiativeBeing ApproachedDreaming the Future 209
16.3.2.1 Taking the Initiative with a Party-Set, A Proposal by Sofia van Oord (Fig. ) 209
16.3.2.2 Being Approached on Corporation Initiative with a ‘My House’ Game, A Proposal by Rick Boellaard (Fig. ) 210
16.3.2.3 Dreaming the Future with an Extreme Scenario Game, A Proposal by Anton Garrigue (Fig. ) 212
16.3.3 During Preparation: ValuingSeeing the Familiar Anew 213
16.3.3.1 Valuing What You Have with Maintenance Kit ‘RElove’, A Proposal by Felix Marschner (Fig. ) 213
16.3.3.2 Seeing the Familiar Anew by Rediscovering Your Everyday Route with ‘Explordinary’, A Proposal by Julia Mattaar (Fig. ) 215
16.3.4 Early in Use and Repair: Learning to Live with the New HomeLearning to Actively Embrace a New Home 216
16.3.4.1 Learning to Live with the New Home with ‘The Pebble’, A Proposal by Justus Kuijer (Fig. ) 216
16.3.5 Inspiration: The Welcome-Box … Is Your Personalisable Lamp 218
16.3.5.1 Learning to Actively Embrace a New Home with the Welcome-Box Lamp, A Proposal by Staffan Till (Fig. ) 218
16.3.6 During Use and Repair: Breaking HabitsCreating Habits 219
16.3.6.1 Breaking Habits: Designing Kids’ Gaming into Daily Living with a Playful Lamp, A Proposal by Daniela Passa (Fig. ) 219
16.3.6.2 Creating Habits: Designing Support into Daily Choices with a Decision Tree for Fruit, A Proposal by Elske van den Ende (Fig. ) 221
16.4 Discussion 222
16.4.1 Gaps to Bridge 223
16.4.1.1 Abstract Versus Concrete 223
16.4.1.2 Consideration of the User Interfaces 223
16.4.1.3 Solution-Oriented Design 224
16.4.1.4 Focus on Agreements and Being Heard Versus Exploration 224
16.5 Outlook 224
References 225
17 Supporting Iterative Research and Design Explorations in the Living Lab Context 226
Abstract 226
17.1 Introduction 226
17.2 Social Practice Change for Energy-Conscious Office Occupancy 227
17.3 Iterative Context Researching, Conceptualising, and Implementing Solutions Using the BOCS Platform 228
17.4 Context Researching and Testing Solutions 230
17.5 Exploring and Identifying Solutions 232
17.6 Implementing Solutions 234
17.7 Closing the Loop 234
17.8 Pilot Study Summary 235
17.9 Conclusions 237
References 239
18 Recruitment of Participants (Households in City District and Companies) for Insight Research and Prototyping 240
Abstract 240
18.1 Introduction: General Overview and Implementation in SusLab 240
18.2 Case Study Bottrop 241
18.3 Case Study UK 242
References 244
Part V Sustainable Production and Consumption 245
19 Analysing Social Milieus and Lifestyles—Their Contribution to a Better Understanding of Heating Practices 246
Abstract 246
19.1 Theoretical Background 246
19.2 Methodology and Data 248
19.2.1 Milieu Analysis 248
19.2.2 Multivariate Regression Analysis 250
19.3 Results 251
19.3.1 Identification of Lifestyles in a Milieu Analysis 251
19.3.2 The Influence of Lifestyles on Heating Practices 252
19.4 Summary and Conclusion 253
References 254
20 Material and Carbon Footprint of Household Activities 255
Abstract 255
20.1 Background and Objectives 256
20.2 Methods 257
20.2.1 Step 1: Household Monitoring 257
20.2.2 Step 2: Calculation and Evaluation of the Material and Carbon Footprint 258
20.2.3 Step 3: Road Mapping Process 262
20.3 Results and Discussion 263
20.3.1 Focus Heating: Comparison Within All Fields of Activity 265
20.3.2 Roadmaps, Drivers and Barriers for Behavioural Changes 267
20.4 Conclusions 268
References 269
21 FoodWatch and Food Resource Flows 272
Abstract 272
21.1 Introduction 272
21.2 Ecological Impact of Food Consumption 273
21.2.1 Pathways to Sustainable Food Consumption 273
21.2.2 Sustainable Diets and Waste Reduction 274
21.3 Method 274
21.3.1 Open Access and Innovation 276
21.3.2 Intervention and Eco Feedback 276
21.3.3 Study Design 277
21.4 Results 278
21.5 Conclusions and Outlook 281
References 281
Part VI Case Studies on Exploring Energy Feedback and Visualisation with Users 283
22 Making Energy Feedback Understandable 284
Abstract 284
22.1 Introduction 284
References 288
23 Powerchord: Exploring Ambient Audio Feedback on Energy Use 289
Abstract 289
23.1 Background 290
23.2 Initial Research 292
23.3 Sonification 294
23.4 Discussion and Further Work 298
References 299
24 Designing Ampul: Empowerment to Home Energy Prosumers 301
Abstract 301
24.1 Introduction 301
24.2 Concept House Prototype I 303
24.3 Gathering Insights—In-situ Intervention in Real Homes 303
24.4 Ampul Concept 307
24.5 Ampul Prototype 309
24.6 User Exploration—In-situ Intervention in Concept House 311
24.7 Conclusions 314
References 315
25 Energy Feedback Objects 316
Abstract 316
25.1 Energy Feedback Objects 317
References 321
Part VII Understanding Comfort and Energy Practices in Residential Buildings 322
26 Relationship Between Building Technologies, Energy Performance and Occupancy in Domestic Buildings 323
Abstract 323
26.1 Introduction 323
26.2 User-Related and Building-Related Energy Consumption 324
26.3 Occupancy Impact on Uncertainties During Design and Financing 325
26.3.1 Pre-bound Effect 326
26.3.2 Rebound Effect 326
26.3.3 Performance Gap 327
26.4 Occupancy Impact on Actual Energy Consumption 328
26.4.1 Differences Between Households 328
26.4.2 User-Building Interaction and Control 330
26.5 LivingLabs to Reduce User-Related Uncertainties 330
26.5.1 Pre-renovation Monitoring to Diminish User-Related Uncertainties 331
26.5.2 Post-renovationPost-occupancy Monitoring Campaigns 331
26.6 Closing Remark 332
References 332
27 Influence of User-Behavior on Energy Efficiency 335
Abstract 335
27.1 Introduction 335
27.1.1 Winter Pilot 1 336
27.1.2 Winter Pilot 2 336
27.1.3 Winter Pilot 3 337
27.2 Measuring Equipment 338
27.2.1 Measuring Equipment in Winter Pilot 1 338
27.2.2 Measuring Equipment in Winter Pilot 2 339
27.2.2.1 Home Automation Systems 340
27.2.3 Measuring Equipment in Winter Pilot 3 340
27.2.3.1 HRW Prototype 340
27.2.3.2 Odroid Key Features 342
27.2.3.3 Gas Meter Impulse Counter 342
27.2.3.4 Comfort Dail by TU Delft, Netherlands 343
27.2.3.5 Wireless Weather Station at Campus Bottrop 343
27.3 Results 344
27.3.1 Limitations of the Design 344
27.3.2 Winter Pilot 1—Monitoring the Base Line 345
27.3.3 Winter Pilot 2 347
27.3.3.1 Results Using RWE Smart Home 347
27.3.3.2 Results Using LUQA Monitor 349
27.3.4 Winter Pilot 3—Prototyping of Assisting Function 352
27.3.4.1 Gas Metering and the Meaning of the Heating Characteristic Curves 353
27.3.4.2 Measurements with LUQA—Monitor 353
27.3.4.3 HRW Smart Home Prototype 356
27.4 Conclusions 358
References 358
Part VIII The Way Forwards: Business Models for Living Labs 359
28 Concept House Village A Next Step in the Development of Sustainable Housing in the Netherlands
Abstract 360
28.1 Introduction 361
28.2 Location 362
28.3 Themes 364
28.4 Prototypes 365
28.5 Partnership 365
28.6 Financing the CHV-Facility and Prototypes 366
28.7 Business Development 367
28.8 Conclusions and Discussion 371
References 372
29 Commercial Consortia 374
Abstract 374
29.1 Johanneberg Science Park—Collaboration Model 374
29.2 HSB Living Lab—Consortium and Collaboration 377
References 379
30 Business Models for Sustainability in Living Labs 380
Abstract 380
30.1 Introduction 381
30.2 SusLab Case Studies 381
30.3 Theory 382
30.4 The Business Case 384
30.5 SusLab NWE—The Value of the Network 384
30.5.1 HSB Living Lab, Chalmers University of Technology 385
30.5.2 SusLab NRW 386
30.5.3 SusLab Living Lab in London 387
30.5.4 Concept House Village 388
30.6 Conclusion 389
References 391
31 Reflecting on LivingLabs and Future Trends 393
Abstract 393
31.1 Reflecting on LivingLabs and Future Trends 393
31.2 Outlook 396
Reference 396