Analytical Chemistry of PCBs

LIST OF FIGURES. PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. INTRODUCTION. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, COMMERCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. Introduction. PCB Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Synthesis and Standards. Production and Use. Environmental Occurrence. Environmental Transport and Fate. Destruction, Degradation, and Metabolism. Toxicology. Occupational Exposure and Its Effects. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES. ANSI and ASTM Procedures. EPA Procedure for Oils. EPA Procedure for Spills and Incinerators. Procedures for Food. Procedures for By-Product Analysis. SAMPLE COLLECTION AND STORAGE. Water. Air. Natural Gas in Pipelines. Solids. Surfaces. Oil, Dielectric Fluids, Etc. EXTRACTION. General Considerations. Water. Sewage and Sludge. Sediment and Soil. Air. Blood. Animal and Plant Tissues. Paper Products. Oils. Ancillary Considerations. CLEANUP. Adsorbent Column Chromatography. High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Thin-Layer Chromatography. Adsorbent Slurry Techniques. Gel Permeation Chromatography. Liquid-Liquid Partitioning. Chemical Degradation. Cleanup of Oil Samples. Sulfur Removal. Criteria for Choice of a Cleanup Technique. Validation of Cleanup Techniques. DETERMINATION. Criteria for Choice of Techniques. Gas Chromatography. Thin-Layer Chromatography. High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Nonchromatographic Methods. Confirmation. Screening. Summary. DATA REDUCTION. Qualitative. Quantitative. Data Reporting. QUALITY ASSURANCE. General Considerations. Special Considerations in PCB Analyses. Previous QC Measures. Recommended QA/QC Measures. COLLABORATIVE STUDIES. Wildlife. Chicken Fat and Fish. Paperboard. Marine Sediments. Quantitation Techniques and Milk. Paper Mill Effluent. Wet Lake Sediment. Naturally Contaminated Dry Sediments. Ambient Air. Dry Pigments. Insulating Oils. By-Products from Industrial Processes. By-Products in a Chlorinated Aromatic Waste. Herring. Bovine Serum. Lubricating Oils. BIBLIOGRAPHY. NOMENCLATURE AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. COMPOSITION OF SOME COMMERCIAL PCB MIXTURES. MASS SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PCBS. PGC/ECD CHROMATOGRAMS OF AROCLOR MIXTURES. TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS. INDEX.