Urban Transportation Planning in the United States (eBook)

Ed Weiner is currently a transportation consultant in private practice.  He has more than 35 years experience working for the U.S. Department of Transportation.  He has worked in the Office of the Secretary, Policy Office where he was responsible for a wide range of issues on transportation policy, planning, analysis, research, and legislation.  Prior to this position, Mr. Weiner was a highway research engineer in the U.S. Federal Highway Administration.

Preface 6
Contents 8
Chapter 1: Introduction 16
Chapter 2: Early Highway Planning 21
Federal Highway Act of 1921 21
Early Parkways 22
Radburn, New Jersey 24
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1934 26
Electric Railway Presidents’ Conference Committee 26
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 27
Greenbelt Communities 28
AASHO Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways 29
Toll Road Study 29
Futurama 30
Highway Capacity Manual 31
Interregional Highway Report 32
Chapter 3: Roots of Urban Transportation Planning 34
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 34
Manual of Procedures for Home Interview Traffic Studies 35
Levittown, New York 37
Early Transit Planning 39
Dawn of Analytical Methods 39
AASHO Manual on User Benefit Analysis 40
Breakthroughs in Analytical Techniques 41
National Committee on Urban Transportation 42
Housing Act of 1954: “701” Comprehensive Planning Program 43
Pioneering Urban Transportation Studies 44
Chapter 4: Launching the Interstate Highway Program 46
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 47
Hartford Conference 49
Sagamore Conference on Highways and Urban Development 50
Freeway Revolts 50
Shopping Malls 51
Housing Act of 1961 53
Future Highways and Urban Growth 53
An Analysis of Urban Travel Demands 55
The “499 Club” 56
Chapter 5: Urban Transportation Planning Comes of Age 58
Joint Report on Urban Mass Transportation 58
President Kennedy’s Transportation Message 59
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 59
Hershey Conference on Urban Freeways 60
Implementing the 1962 Act 61
Conventional Urban Travel Forecasting Process 63
Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission 65
Highway Planning Program Manual 67
Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 67
Urban Development Simulation Models 68
The Urban Transportation Problem 69
Williamsburg Conference on Highways and Urban Development 70
Residential Location and Urban Mobility 70
Chapter 6: Improving Intergovernmental Coordination 72
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 73
1966 Amendments to the Urban Mass Transportation Act 73
Highway and Motor Vehicle Safety Acts of 1966 73
Department of Transportation Act of 1966 75
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 75
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 76
Dartmouth Conference on Urban Development Models 76
Freedom of Information Act of 1966 77
Reserved Bus Lanes 78
Reverse Commuting Experiments 79
National Highway Needs Studies 80
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 82
“Continuing” Urban Transportation Planning 83
Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968 84
Bureau of the Budget’s Circular No. A-95 84
Chapter 7: Rising Concern for the Environment and Citizen Involvement 88
Citizen Participation and the Two-Hearing Process for Highways 88
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 89
Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970 89
Nationwide Personal Transportation Study 90
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 91
Boston Transportation Planning Review 93
Urban Corridor Demonstration Program 94
Census Journey-to-Work Surveys 95
Case of Overton Park 96
Chapter 8: Beginnings of Multimodal Urban Transportation Planning 99
Urban Mass Transportation Assistance Act of 1970 99
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970 101
Conference on Urban Commodity Flow 102
Discrete Choice Models 102
Mt. Pocono Conference on Urban Transportation Planning 104
DOT Initiatives Toward Planning Unification 105
Process Guidelines for Highway Projects 105
UMTA’s External Operating Manual 106
Williamsburg Conference on Urban Travel Forecasting 107
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 108
Endangered Species Act of 1973 109
AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design of Urban Highways 110
1972 and 1974 National Transportation Studies 111
National Mass Transportation Assistance Act of 1974 112
PLANPAC and UTPS Batteries of Computer Programs 112
Chapter 9: Transition to Short-Term Planning 114
Emergency Energy Legislation 114
Service and Methods Demonstration Program 115
Taxicabs 116
OTA’s Report on Automated Guideway Transit 118
Model 13(c) Labor Protection Agreement for Operating Assistance 119
Joint Highway/Transit Planning Regulations 120
Traffic Calming 122
Policy on Major Urban Mass Transportation Investments 123
Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems 125
Light Rail Transit 127
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1976 128
ITE Trip Generation Report 129
Urban System Study 130
Road Pricing Demonstration Program 130
Title VI Program Guidelines for FTA Recipients 131
National Transportation Trends and Choices 132
Transit Uniform System of Accounts and Records 133
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 134
Chapter 10: Emphasizing Urban Economic Revitalization 136
1978 National Urban Policy Report 136
Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 138
Quick Response Urban Travel Forecasting Techniques 139
National Energy Act of 1978 140
Council on Environmental Quality’s Regulations 141
BART Impact Program 142
International Conferences on Behavioral Travel Demand 144
National Ridesharing Demonstration Program 145
Urban Initiatives Program 147
Section 504 Regulations on Accessibility for the Handicapped 148
National Transportation Policy Study Commission 149
Interstate Substitutions 150
Aspen Conference on Future Urban Transportation 151
Land Use Impacts of Beltways 152
Highway Performance Monitoring System 153
Chapter 11: Decentralization of Decisionmaking 155
President Reagan’s Memorandum on Regulations 155
Conferences on Goods Transportation in Urban Areas 156
Airlie House Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980s 157
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1981 157
E.O. 12372, Intergovernmental Review of Federal Programs 158
Woods Hole Conference on Future Directions of Urban Public Transportation 159
Easton Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980s 160
Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 161
Advent of Microcomputers 163
New Urban Transportation Planning Regulations 164
Chapter 12: Promoting Private Sector Participation 166
Paratransit Policy 166
Transportation Management Associations 167
Revised Major Transit Capital Investment Policy 168
Transportation Demand Management 170
Private Participation in the Transit Program 171
Concurrency Management System 172
National Transit Performance Reports 173
Charter Bus Regulations 174
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987 176
National Conferences on Transportation Planning Applications 178
Smuggler’s Notch Conference on Highway Finance 180
Revised FHWA/UMTA Environmental Regulation 180
Los Angeles’ Regulation XV 181
Chapter 13: The Need for Strategic Planning 183
National Council on Public Works Improvement 184
Transportation 2020 184
Williamsburg Conference on Transportation and Economic Development 186
Puget Sound Transportation Panel 187
National Transportation Strategic Planning Study 188
Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems 189
Lawsuit Against the Metropolitan Transportation Commission’s Travel Models 190
Geographic Information Systems 192
National Maglev Initiative 193
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 195
Strategic Planning and Management 199
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 200
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 201
Manual of Regional Transportation Modeling Practice for Air Quality Analysis 211
Chapter 14: The Growth of Sustainable Development 213
Charlotte Conference on Moving Urban America 214
Travel Model Improvement Program 214
Livable Communities Initiative 215
Energy Policy Act of 1992 216
Transportation Implication of Telecommuting 216
Metropolitan and Statewide Planning Regulations 217
Transportation: Air Quality Conformity Regulations 219
Making the Land Use, Transportation, Air Quality Connection (LUTRAQ) 219
Transportation Management Systems 221
E.O. 12893 Principles for Federal Infrastructure Investment 221
E.O. 12898 on Environmental Justice 222
National Bicycling and Walking Study 223
Curbing Gridlock: Peak-Period Fees to Relieve Traffic Congestion 225
Conference on Institutional Aspects of Metropolitan Transportation Planning 227
Interstate-95 Corridor Coalition 228
Implications of Expanding Metropolitan Highway Capacity 229
State Route 91 Express Lanes in Southern California 229
National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 230
Major Investment Studies 232
Travel Survey Manual 233
Dulles Greenway 234
Chapter 15: Expanding Participatory Democracy 236
Deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems 237
Activity-Based Travel Forecasting Conference 238
Public Involvement 240
National Transportation System 241
State Infrastructure Banks 242
Travel Model Validation Manual 243
Envision Utah 245
Quick Response Freight Manual 247
Context Sensitive Design 248
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century 249
New Jersey’s Transit Village Initiative 256
Welfare to Work: Job Access and Reverse Commute Program 257
Georgia Regional Transportation Authority 258
Congestion Management Systems 259
Value Pricing Pilot Program 260
Conferences on Refocusing Transportation Planning for the 21st Century 261
National Transportation Policy Architecture for the 21st Century 262
Chapter 16: Moving Towards Performance Based Planning 265
Asset Management 266
Conference on Performance Measures in Planning and Operations 266
The Alameda Corridor 268
Freight Analysis Framework 269
Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority 271
Bus Rapid Transit 272
Access Management Manual 274
Transportation Security 275
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual 276
Clean Air Rules of 2004 278
Scenario Planning 279
Public-Private Partnerships 280
Norman Y. Mineta Research and Special Programs Improvement Act 282
Transportation-Air Quality Conformity 283
Energy Policy Act of 2005 284
Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users 285
Forum on Road Pricing and Travel Demand Modeling 293
Interstate 50 295
Commuting in America III 296
National Strategy to Reduce Congestion on America’s Transportation Network 298
Future Financing Options to Meet Highway and Transit Needs 300
Chapter 17: Concern for Climate Change 304
California’s Global Warming Solutions Act 304
Metropolitan Travel Forecasting: Current Practice and Future Direction 306
Conference on the Metropolitan Planning Organization, Present and Future 307
Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Program 309
Corridors of the Future 310
Car Sharing 312
National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission 313
California’s Sustainable Communities Planning Act 315
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on U.S. Transportation 317
Rail Passenger Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 319
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 321
Effects of Compact Development on Motorized Travel 322
Partnership for Sustainable Communities 323
Executive Order 13514 Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance 324
Chapter 18: Era of Constrained Resources 327
National Surface Transportation Infrastructure Financing Commission 328
Advanced Practices in Travel Forecasting 329
MOVES Motor Vehicle Emissions Model 331
TIGER Discretionary Grant Program 332
Military Base Traffic 334
Increased Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards 336
Revised Federal Transit Administration New Starts Evaluation Process 336
Florida’s Transportation Planning Process 338
Super-Commuting in Mega Regions 340
Travel Demand Forecasting: Parameters and Techniques 341
Connected Vehicles 342
Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act 343
Chapter 19: Infrastructure Resilience 350
U.S. DOT Policy Statement on Climate Change Adaptation 350
Executive Order 13604: Improving Performance of Federal Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projects 351
Complete Streets 353
Travel Forecasting Resource 354
President Obama’s Climate Action Plan 356
Travel Time Reliability 358
Executive Order 13653: Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change 359
Transportation Climate Change Sensitivity Matrix 360
Build America Investment Initiative 361
Performance Management 362
Transportation Planning For Disasters 363
Smart Growth Area Planning Tool 365
Executive Order. 13690: Establishing a Federal Flood Risk Management Standard 365
Chapter 20: Challenge of Funding 367
Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045 367
Transportation Network Companies 370
FTA’s Simplified Trips-on-Project Software 372
States’ Gas Taxes 372
Bumpy Roads Ahead 373
Executive Order 13604 Improving Performance of Federal Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projects 374
Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment Program 375
Health in Transportation 376
Activity-Based Travel Demand Models: A Primer 377
National Freight Strategic Plan 378
Big Data 380
Connected City 381
Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act 382
Chapter 21: Concluding Remarks 392
Appendix A: Abbreviations 397
Appendix B: References 401
Index 427