An Introduction to Trenchless Technology

1 Introduction and Overview.- 1.1 Need for Trenchless Technology.- 1.2 Horizontal Boring Techniques.- 1.3 General Procedures.- 1.4 Selection of Method.- 1.5 Limitations.- 1.6 Future Outlook.- 1.7 Looking Ahead.- 2 Background.- 2.1 Early Underground Work.- 2.2 The Stimulus of the Industrial Revolution.- 2.2.1 The Beginning of Utilities.- 2.2.2 Developing Underground Methods.- 2.2.3 Inventors.- 2.2.4 Mechanical Drills.- 2.3 Early Trenchless Methods-1890-1960.- 2.4 Trenchless Methods-1960-1985.- 2.4.1 Sewer Installation Methods.- 2.4.2 Installation Methods for Cable and Pressure Pipes.- 2.4.3 Trenchless Rehabilitation.- 3 Creating the Hole.- 3.1 Thrust Boring.- 3.1.1 Description of Equipment and Operation.- 3.1.2 Specifications of Bore.- 3.1.3 Selection/User Considerations.- 3.1.4 Typical Applications.- 3.2 Impact Moling.- 3.2.1. Description of Equipment and Operation.- 3.2.2 Specifications of Bore.- 3.2.3 Selection/User Considerations.- 3.2.4 Typical Applications.- 3.3 Impact Ramming.- 3.3.1 Description of Equipment and Operation.- 3.3.2 Specifications of Bore.- 3.3.3 Selection/User Considerations.- 3.4 Rock Hammer.- 3.4.1 Description of Equipment and Operation.- 3.5 Auger Boring.- 3.5.1 Description of Equipment and Operation.- 3.5.2 Specifications of Bore.- 3.5.3 Application and User Considerations.- 3.6 Wet/Slurry Boring.- 3.6.1 Description of Equipment and Operation.- 3.6.2 Specifications of Bore.- 3.6.3 Selection/User Considerations.- 3.6.4 Typical Applications.- 3.7 Fluid Jet Cutting.- 3.7.1 Description of Equipment and Operation.- 3.7.2 Specifications.- 3.7.3 Selection/User Considerations.- 3.7.4 Typical Applications.- 3.8 Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling.- 3.9 Rotary/Directional Drilling.- 3.9.1 Description of Equipment and Operation.- 3.9.2 Specifications.- 3.9.3 Selection/User Considerations.- 3.9.4 Typical Applications.- 4 Steerable Horizontal Boring.- 4.1 Methods of Steering the Bit.- 4.2 Available Systems.- 4.2.1 Guided Impact Mole.- 4.2.2 Impact Mole on Pipe.- 4.2.3 Directional Rod Pushers.- 4.2.4 Directional Fluid Jet Cutting.- 4.2.5 Directional Drilling.- 4.3 Planning the Job.- 4.4 Applications.- 4.5 Preventing and Controlling Problems.- 5 Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling.- 5.1 Pipe Jacking.- 5.1.1 Definition.- 5.1.2 Background.- 5.1.3 Pipe-Jacking Method.- 5.1.4 Main Applications of Pipe Jacking.- 5.1.5 Selection Criteria and Summary.- 5.2 Microtunnelling.- 5.2.1 Definition.- 5.2.2 Classification.- 5.2.3 Pipe Installation.- 5.2.4 Techniques.- 5.2.5 Pilot Method.- 5.2.6 Full-Face Method.- 5.2.7 Performance factors.- 5.2.8 Main Applications of Microtunnelling.- 5.2.9 House Connection Systems.- 5.2.10 Full-Face Machines.- 5.2.11 Full-Face Microtunnelers.- 6 On-Line Replacement and Structural Renovation.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Options.- 6.3 On-Line Replacement.- 6.3.1 Background.- 6.3.2 Extraction.- 6.3.3 Bursting.- 6.3.4 Hydraulic Bursters.- 6.3.5 Excavation Replacement.- 6.3.6 Melbourne System.- 6.4 Renovation.- 6.4.1 Background.- 6.4.2 Conventional Slip Lining.- 6.4.3 Modified Slip Lining.- 6.4.4 Soft-Lining Systems/Cured-In-Place Pipe.- 6.4.5. Alternative Systems.- 6.4.6 Temporary Reduction Methods.- 6.4.6.1 Diameter Reduction.- 6.4.6.2 Collapsed or Folded Sections.- 6.4.7 Spiral Winding.- 6.4.8 Spraying.- 7 Instrumentation Systems for Guided Boring.- 7.1 Unguided Systems.- 7.2 Guided Boring.- 7.2.1 Instrumentation Requirements.- 7.2.2 Measurement Considerations.- 7.3 Guidance Instrumentation Systems.- 7.3.1 Pipe Locators.- 7.3.2 EM Home-to-Target Steering Tool.- 7.3.3 Laser Targeting System.- 7.3.4 Single-Shot/Multishot Survey Tools.- 7.3.5 Steering Tools.- 7.3.6 Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) Systems.- 7.4 Equipment Selection.- 7.5 Needs and Future Trends.- 8 Economics of Trenchless Technology.- 8.1 Economic Costs.- 8.2 Open-Cut Method.- 8.3 Economic Studies and Models.- 8.4 Effect of Drilling Rate.- 8.5 System Utilization.- 9 Investigation, Routing, and Location.- 9.1 Selection of Trenchless Equipment.- 9.2 Planning and Design of Project.- 9.3 Job Implementation and Precautions.- 10 Case Histories.- 10.1 Case History 1: Horizontal Drilling.- 10.1.1 Description.- 10.2 Case History 2: Guided Piercing Tool.- 10.2.1 Description.- 10.3 Case History 3: Microtunnelling.- 10.3.1 Description.- 10.4 Case History 4: Pipeline Insertion Machine.- 10.4.1 Description.- 10.5 Case History 5: UTILX Guidedril Tunnelling Machine.- 10.5.1 Description.- 10.6 Case History 6: Microtunnelling.- 10.6.1 Description.- 10.7 Case History 7: Renovation.- 10.7.1 Description.- 11 Future Needs.- 11.1 The Future in Perspective.- 11.2 Attitudes and Awareness.- 11.2.1 Lack of Awareness.- 11.2.2 Resistance to Change.- 11.2.3 Responsibilities for Social Costs.- 11.2.4 Engineering and Planning.- 11.2.5 Costs of Work.- 11.3 Technical Needs.- 11.3.1 Investigation.- 11.3.2 Costs of Trenchless Methods.- 11.3.3 Improved Technology.- 11.3.4 Service Connections.