Power Quality Issues and their Impact on the Performance of Industrial Machines

Mr. Abhishek Chauhan received his Engineering degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttarpradesh, India, in 2011, and his Master of Technology in Control System Engineering from Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, 2013. Since then, he is pursuing his PhD in (Power Quality Assessment) from Thapar University Patiala, Punjab, India. Currently, he is working as Assistant Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering at Institute of Technology (An Govt. of Uttarakhand run Institution), Gopeshwar, Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India. He also acquired a certification in Power Distribution Management from School of Engineering, IGNOU, New Delhi. He has also published several research manuscripts in reputed conferences online at IEEEexplore and has a book chapter in "Lecture Note in Electrical Engineering (LNEE)", Springer. He is an active member of Researchgate and his area of interest is Power Quality, Industrial Machines, Renewable Energy Sources and Power System Optimization.

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Chapter 2.2.1 Uniform Distribution of Single Phase Loads:
Uneven distribution of single phase loads across the three phases is the basic cause of supply unbalance, by equal distribution of single-phase loads across all three phases help to minimize the problem of unbalance voltage up to an extent [10]. A balance distribution system can be obtained by changing the configuration of system through automatic and manual feeder switching operations to relocate load with circuits [44].
2.2.2 Proper Transposition of Transmission Lines:
Transposition is the episodic swapping of positions of the conductors of a transmission line. The unbalance of the line, which can lead to one-sided loads in three-phase systems, is also condensed by complete transposition [8]. Whereas improper transposition causes the unbalance of voltage, but in long transmission lines multiple transpositions become unfeasible when there is an increase in substations connected to transmission lines. Additionally, transposition of conductors amplify puzzlement when addressing urgent fault situations, due to this unbalance introduced by the incomplete transposition is not comparatively noteworthy, modern power lines are not often transposed [8].
2.2.3 Line Conditioners:
An active line conditioner is proposed in [45] to maintain balance in a three phase AC system. The proposed system publicized that the injection of a correction voltage in any one phase is adequate to cancel the negative sequence voltage component in the incoming three-phase supply and the resulting voltage obtained at the load terminal are fundamentally positive sequence voltages and therefore are balance. Due to termination of the negative sequence voltage component by the proposed scheme significantly improves the performance of induction motor connected to an unbalanced AC system [45].
2.2.4 Static Voltage Ampere Reactive Compensator (SVC):
Special fast-acting power electronic circuits, such as SVC can be configured to limit the unbalance [46], [47]. A. Campos et al. [47] projected a system where shunt connected thyristor-controlled SVC is used for voltage unbalance in AC supply having variable loads associated with it. Through a three-phase transformer a three-phase pulse width modulation voltage source inverter connected in series with the line which is responsible for nullification of negative-sequence voltage. The basic shortcoming observed in this approach is of slow response, injection of harmonic into the AC system and the necessity for large passive components which in turn increase the cost of the system.
With a newly develop individual phase control scheme a fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) type of SVC can be applied in the distributing system, an FC-TCR type SVC can trim down negative sequence current caused by the uneven distribution of single-phase loads to recover the balance condition in the distribution network [46]. Microcomputer associated with the control circuit, replaces the traditional discrete load switching and enables the capability of fast and active balancing of the system. Concurrently an appropriate selection of inductor and capacitor values may responsible for improved power factor.
2.2.5 AC-Line and DC-Link Reactors to Adjustable Speed Drives:
The ASDs as energy-saving schemes are employed in various industrial applications for speed control process in drives which cause a continuous variation of load, deployment of great number of single-phase ASDs results in continuously varying unbalanced loads and make balancing process more critical and challenging. Some test results were specified in [43] and suggested that connecting both AC-line and DC-link reactors to the ASDs has greatest effect on phase-current unbalance and reduced it by near to half [13].
An LC filter in the drive's input rectifier stage can also be used to attenuate these undesired effects of unbalance voltage [13]. Relay protection system related methods is al