Advanced Chipless RFID (eBook)

Nemai Chandra Karmakar, PhD, is the lead researcher at the Monash Microwave, Antenna, RFID and Sensor Laboratory (MMARS) at Monash University, Australia. He received his PhD in ITEE from the University of Queensland, Australia, in February 1999. Dr. Karmakar is a pioneer in fully printable Chipless RFID tags and sensors, readers, signal processing, and smart antennas. He has published more than 350 scientific journal and conference articles, 9 books, 35 book chapters, and 9 patent applications. Mohammad Zomorrodi, PhD, is a R&D engineer at RFS, Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Zomorrodi has served as a lecturer at various universities in Iran for more than 6 years. Hereceived his PhD at the Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Department of Monash University in 2015. He has written several conference papers, journal articles and has worked on two books in the field. Chamath Divarathne, PhD, is a design engineer at Unico Computer Systems Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Divarathnereceived his PhDat the Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Department of Monash University in 2015. He is an alumni of Carnegie Mellon University from which he received his MSc in Information Networking.

Preface xi

Acknowledgment xv

PART I EM IMAGE-BASED CHIPLESS RFID SYSTEM 1

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Barcodes as Identification Technology, 4

1.2 RFID Systems, 6

1.3 Barcodes Versus RFID, 7

1.4 Chipless RFID Tag for Low-Cost Item Tagging, 7

1.5 Chipless RFID Systems, 10

1.6 Spatial-Based Chipless RFID System, 16

1.7 Book Outline, 17

References, 20

2 EM Imaging 25

2.1 EM-Imaging Fundamentals, 25

2.2 Range Resolution, 27

2.3 Cross-Range or Azimuth Resolution, 29

2.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Necessity, 31

2.5 EM Imaging for Content Coding, 34

2.6 Conclusions, 35

References, 36

3 Tiny Polarizers, Secret of the New Technique 37

3.1 Introduction, 37

3.2 Sweetness of Diffraction, 39

3.3 Strip-Line Polarizer, 43

3.4 Meander-Line Polarizer, 45

3.5 Multiple Polarizers, 47

3.6 Polarizer Fabrication, 50

3.7 Conclusions, 52

References, 53

4 Attributes of EM Polarizers 55

4.1 Introduction, 55

4.2 Suggested Structures as Effective EM Polarizers, 56

4.3 Cross-Polar Working Basis, 59

4.4 Effect of Highly Reflective Items, 64

4.5 Secure Identification, 68

4.6 Bending Effect on Tag Performance, 71

4.7 Conclusion, 74

References, 76

5 System Technical Aspects 77

5.1 Introduction, 77

5.2 The mm-Band of 60 GHz, 77

5.3 Reader Antenna, 81

5.4 Conclusions, 106

References, 107

6 SAR-Based Signal Processing 111

6.1 Introduction, 111

6.2 SAR Modes of Operation, 112

6.3 SAR Block Diagram, 113

6.4 SAR-Based Signal Processing, 113

6.5 Tag Imaging Results, 116

6.6 System Downsides, 125

6.7 Conclusions, 128

References, 129

7 Fast Imaging Through MIMO-SAR 131

7.1 Introduction, 131

7.2 Conventional Phased Array Antenna, 132

7.3 MIMO-SAR Systems, 133

7.4 Optimization, 143

7.5 MIMO-SAR Results, 155

7.6 Conclusion, 158

References, 159

PART II ADVANCED TAG DETECTION TECHNIQUES FOR CHIPLESS RFID SYSTEMS 161

8 Introduction 163

8.1 RFID Systems, 163

8.2 Review of Chipless RFID Tag Detection Techniques, 167

8.3 Maximum Likelihood Detection Techniques, 168

8.4 Conclusions, 170

References, 170

9 Chipless RFID Tag Design 177

9.1 Introduction, 177

9.2 SISO Tag Design, 177

9.3 MIMO Tag Design, 179

9.4 Conclusions, 188

References, 188

10 ML Detection Techniques for SISO Chipless RFID Tags 189

10.1 Introduction, 189

10.2 System Models-Time Domain, 190

10.3 System Models-Frequency Domain, 200

10.4 Simulations, 205

10.5 Experimental Setup, 207

10.6 Results, 208

10.7 Conclusion, 230

References, 230

11 Computationally Feasible Tag Detection Techniques 233

11.1 Introduction, 233

11.2 Bit-By-Bit Detection Method, 234

11.3 Trellis-Tree-Based Viterbi Decoding, 237

11.4 Simulation Setup, 242

11.5 Results, 244

11.6 Conclusions, 246

References, 246

12 Signal Processing for MIMO-Based Chipless RFID Systems 247

12.1 Introduction, 247

12.2 MIMO Decomposing Techniques, 249

12.3 Tag Detection in MIMO, 251

12.4 Experimental Setup, 253

12.5 Simulations, 254

12.6 Results, 258

12.7 Conclusion, 268

Reference, 268

13 Conclusion for Part II 269

13.1 Summary of The Proposed Techniques in Part II, 269

13.2 Limitations of The Proposed System, 271

13.3 Potential Applications, 272

13.4 Future Work and Open Issues, 273

Reference, 274

Index 275