Multiband RF Circuits and Techniques for Wireless Transmitters (eBook)

Wenhua Chen is an Associate Professor at Tsinghua University; Karun Rawat is an Assistant Professor at Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Fadhel M Ghannouchi is a Professor at University of Calgary.

Contents 6
1 RF Amplifier Design and Architectures 9
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Small-Signal Amplifier Design 10
1.2.1 Types of Transistor Amplifier Power Gains 10
1.2.2 Transistor Amplifier Stability 12
1.2.3 Single-Stage Transistor Amplifier Design 12
1.3 Large-Signal Amplifier Design 15
1.3.1 PA Analytical Modeling and Figures of Merits 15
1.3.1.1 Memoryless PA Modeling 15
1.3.1.2 Saleh’s Model 16
1.3.1.3 Memory Polynomial Model 17
1.3.1.4 AM/AM and AM/PM Curves 17
1.3.1.5 Gain 18
1.3.1.6 Bandwidth 18
1.3.1.7 Noise Figure 18
1.3.1.8 Power Efficiency 19
1.3.1.9 P1dB 19
1.3.1.10 Intermodulation Distortion 20
1.3.1.11 Third-Order Intercept Point 20
1.3.1.12 PAPR 22
1.3.1.13 Power Back-off 22
1.3.1.14 ACPR 22
1.3.1.15 EVM 23
1.3.2 PA Classes of Operations (A, B, AB, and C) 24
1.3.3 Current and Voltage Waveforms 27
1.3.4 Harmonic Impedance-Controlled Amplifiers 28
1.3.4.1 Class F PAs 28
1.3.4.2 Inverse Class-F PAs 30
1.3.5 Continuous-Mode PAs 31
1.3.5.1 Class J PA 32
1.3.5.2 Continuous Class-F PA 33
1.3.5.3 Continuous-Inverse Class-F PA 34
References 36
2 Dual-Branch RF Amplifier Design and Architectures 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Balanced Amplifiers 38
2.3 Push–Pull Amplifiers 40
2.3.1 Push–Pull Amplifier with Bipolar Transistors 42
2.3.2 Push–Pull Amplifier with Baluns 43
2.4 Doherty Amplifiers 44
2.4.1 Doherty Amplifier Architecture 44
2.4.2 Efficiency Calculation and Optimization of Doherty Amplifier 45
2.5 Pulsed-Load-Modulated Amplifier 47
2.5.1 Load Modulation in Switched Resonators 48
2.5.2 PAs with Pulsed-Load Modulation 49
2.6 Linc Amplifiers 53
2.6.1 LINC Amplifier Architecture 53
2.6.2 Case of Matched and Isolated Combiner 55
2.6.3 Case of Nonmatched Combiners (Chireix Combiners) 57
2.7 Delta-Sigma-Based Transmitters 59
2.7.1 Delta-Sigma Modulation 59
2.7.2 DSM-Based Transmitter 62
2.7.3 Efficiency Calculation of DSM Transmitter 62
2.7.4 Cartesian Delta-Sigma Transmitter 64
2.7.5 Polar Delta-Sigma Transmitter 65
References 66
3 Multiband RF Transmitters 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 RF Transmitters 67
3.2.1 Conventional Single-Band Transmitter 67
3.2.2 Multiband Transmitter 68
3.3 Multiband Transmitter Architectures 69
3.3.1 Multiband Doherty Transmitter 69
3.3.2 Multiband Envelope-Tracking Transmitter 72
3.3.3 Multiband Outphasing Transmitter 75
3.3.4 Multiband Delta-Sigma Transmitter 76
3.4 Multiband RF Transmitter Circuits 77
3.4.1 Reconfigurable Multiband Transmitter 77
3.4.1.1 Broadband PA with Tunable Output-Matching 77
3.4.1.2 Multiband RF Path Reconfigurable PA 78
3.4.2 Concurrent Multiband PA 79
3.4.2.1 Concurrent Multiband Nonlinear Analysis 79
3.4.2.2 Intermodulation Tuning for Concurrent Multiband PAs 82
References 86
4 Multiband RF Passive Circuits 88
4.1 Introduction 88
4.2 Fundamentals of Network Theory 88
4.2.1 Introduction to Some Important Network Parameters Designs 89
4.2.2 Properties of RF Networks in Terms of Network Parameters 92
4.2.3 Image Parameters and Design of RF Networks Using ABCD Matrix 93
4.2.4 Transmission-Line Equivalence with Image Parameters 94
4.3 Multiband RF Transformers 97
4.3.1 Stub-Loaded (T-Shape and Pi-Shape) Transformers 97
4.3.2 Multisection Non-quarter-Wave Impedance Transformer 100
4.3.3 Coupled-Line-Based Impedance Transformer 103
4.4 Multiband Power Divider and Hybrid Design 105
4.4.1 Multiband Wilkinson Power Divider 105
4.4.2 Multiband Hybrid Couplers 107
4.4.3 Multiband Frequency-Dependent Power Dividers 113
4.5 Planar Slow-Wave Structures and Miniaturization 120
4.6 Multiband Filters 126
4.6.1 Fundamentals of RF Filter Design 127
4.6.2 Lowpass Prototype Design 129
4.6.2.1 Butterworth Filter Response 130
4.6.2.2 Chebyshev Filter Response 130
4.6.3 Filter Design from Lowpass Prototype (Scaling and Frequency Transformation) 132
4.6.3.1 Impedance Transformation 135
4.6.3.2 Frequency Transformation 135
4.6.4 Distributed-Element Filter Realization 139
4.6.4.1 Richard’s Transformation 140
4.6.4.2 Kuroda Identities 140
4.6.5 Multiband Lumped-Element Filter Design 142
4.6.6 Multiband Filter Design Using Coupling Matrix 145
4.6.7 Reconfigurable Band Pass Filter Design 153
References 161
5 Multiband Power Amplifier Design 164
5.1 Introduction 164
5.2 Multiband Power Amplifier Matching 164
5.2.1 Concurrent Matching Techniques 165
5.2.1.1 Transmission-Line-Based Concurrent Matching Techniques 165
5.2.1.2 Lumped-Element-Based Concurrent Matching Techniques 170
5.2.2 Reconfigurable Matching Techniques 176
5.3 Multiband Power Amplifier Design 179
5.3.1 Multiband Class-AB Power Amplifier Design 179
5.3.2 Multiband Class-E Power Amplifier 180
5.3.3 Multiband Class-F Power Amplifier 186
5.4 Multiband Doherty Power Amplifier 188
5.4.1 Multiband Doherty Power Amplifier Design 193
References 205
6 Digital Techniques for Multiband RF Transmitters 209
6.1 Introduction 209
6.2 Nonlinearities of Multiband Transmitters 209
6.3 Two-Dimensional Digital Predistortion (2D-DPD) Technique 213
6.3.1 2D-DPD Behavioral Model 213
6.3.2 Model Evaluation and Results 216
6.4 Low-Complexity 2D-DPD Techniques 218
6.4.1 2D-Modified Memory Polynomial (2D-MMP) Model 218
6.4.1.1 2D-MMP Behavioral Model 218
6.4.1.2 Model Evaluation and Results 224
6.4.1.3 Complexity Comparison 226
6.4.2 Adaptive Pruning Method for 2D-DPD 229
6.4.2.1 Adaptive Pruning Algorithm 229
6.4.2.2 Application to Concurrent Dual-Band PAs 230
6.4.2.3 Comparison of Different Adaptive Pruning Methods 231
6.5 Digital Techniques for Multiband Transmitters with Hardware Impairments 232
6.5.1 Time-Misalignment Tolerant (TMT) Behavioral Model 232
6.5.1.1 2D-TMT Model Concept 232
6.5.1.2 Model Evaluation and Results 235
6.5.2 Phase-Compensated Behavioral Model 237
6.5.2.1 Phase-Aligned Pruned Voterra Model 237
6.5.2.2 Model Evaluation and Results 239
6.6 Hardware Implementation for 2D-DPD with Subsampling Technique 240
6.6.1 Subsampling Feedback Architecture 240
6.6.2 Subsampling Frequencies Selection 242
6.6.3 Experimental Evaluation 244
References 247