Integration of Nature and Technology for Smart Cities (eBook)

Mr. Ahuja is President of CCJM, a multi-disciplinary engineering firm providing Smart City and Smart Building designs, including urban development strategies, major water and wastewater system engineering, and bridge and highway design and rehabilitation.Anil has been active in the sustainability field for many years. He joined the Board of Directors of USGBC-IL in 2015. Additionally, Anil is a Board Member of the Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce and currently serves as Chair for the Environmental and Sustainability Committee. As chair of IMSA’s Energy Center, Anil is co-developing innovation prototypes that transform teaching and learning in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).Anil has over 30 years of experience in sustainable Building Systems Design, Design Management, Construction Management, Commissioning and Operations and Maintenance. Prior to joining CCJM, Anil served as Vice President/General Manager of the Integrated Building Services Group with a focus on the 2020 Energy Vision Program at Exelon Corporation (the largest utility in the United States), ComEd’s parent company. Other past experience includes Chief Engineer of Building Systems at The Austin Company, an international design/build company and Chief Engineer on board merchant ships.Anil has written several articles for Pure Power Magazine and Building Design and Construction. He is a regular contributor and was featured three times on the cover of Consulting Specifying Engineer (July 2004, February, 2001 and September, 1994 issues). Anil is also recently featured in the anniversary issue of i4Design Magazine in its “wall of fame” as one of the Midwest’s established stars.His sustainable design work has led to participation on the Chicago Center for Green Technology Engineering Advisory Committee. Integration of building systems is a continuing focus of Anil’s as evidenced with his involvement with ASHRAE’s Technical Committee on Integrated Design.

Preface 6
Contents 8
List of Figures 16
Chapter 1: Smart Trends and Paradigm Shift 26
1.1 Energy Trends of Future 28
1.2 Network Trends and Shifts 28
1.3 Trends in Biophilia, Biomimicry, and Green Roofs and Streets 29
1.4 Conclusion 29
Part I: Smart Buildings and Smart Technologies 30
Chapter 2: Building Systems Engineering 31
2.1 An Introduction to Building Systems Engineering 31
2.2 The Emergence of Building Systems Engineering: Historical Perspective 34
2.3 Basic Vocabulary of Building Systems 35
Chapter 3: Basic Smart Building Systems 41
3.1 The Lighting System 42
3.1.1 Lighting Terminology and Common Definitions 45
3.1.2 Lamps 46
3.1.3 LEDs 48
3.1.4 Ballasts 49
3.1.5 Luminaires 50
3.1.6 Lighting and Energy 53
3.2 Power Systems 54
3.3 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems 54
3.4 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems 58
3.4.1 Overview of VRF Systems 62
3.4.1.1 Variable Refrigerant Flow or VRF Systems 65
Types of VRF 71
VRF Heat Pump Systems 71
Heat Recovery VRF System (VRF-HR) 71
Refrigerant Modulation in a VRF System 73
3.4.1.2 Electronic Expansion Valve (EEV) 74
Design Considerations for VRF Systems 74
Building Characteristics 75
Building Load Profile 76
Sustainability 77
Simultaneous Heating and Cooling 77
Energy Efficiency 78
Reduced Noise Levels 79
Reliability 80
Indoor Unit 80
Outdoor Unit 80
Maintenance and Commissioning 80
3.4.1.3 VRF Challenges and Limitations 80
Refrigerant Piping 80
Compliance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2001 81
Oil Management 81
Fresh Air Requirements (Compliance to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1) 81
Particulate Matter Removal 82
Environmental Concerns 82
VRF Systems Are Proprietary Systems 83
Reliability and Maintenance 83
Performance Guarantee 83
3.4.1.4 Concluding 83
Salient Features 83
3.5 Security Systems 91
3.6 Basic Fire Protection Systems (FPS) Used in Buildings 91
3.6.1 Fire Alarm, Detection, and Signaling Systems 92
3.7 MIE Equipment Arrangement 92
3.8 Building Systems Distribution Tree 97
3.8.1 Tree Care Cost and Conservation 102
Chapter 4: Air, Water, Power, and Internet Quality 103
4.1 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Modem Buildings 103
4.1.1 Contaminants and Their Sources 103
4.1.2 Clean Indoor Air Strategies 109
4.1.3 IAQ and Energy Conservation 111
4.2 Water Resources, Quality, and Building Systems 112
4.2.1 Water Reclamation 112
4.2.2 Water Recycling 114
4.2.3 Water Reuse 114
4.3 Power Quality and Intelligent Buildings 115
4.3.1 Power Impurities 118
4.3.2 Effects on Building Systems 121
4.3.3 Pure Power Solutions 123
4.3.4 Power Quality and Load Synchronization 125
4.4 Quality of Internet 125
4.4.1 Technology Paths 128
4.4.1.1 Societal Drivers Influence Technological Advancements 130
Suggested Reading 132
Chapter 5: Acoustics, Vibrations, and Integrated Building Systems 133
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Acoustical Environment of Buildings 134
5.3 Noise and Acoustic Planning Issues 135
5.4 Masking Sound 137
5.5 Acoustic Analysis 139
5.6 Solutions 141
5.6.1 Static Noise Control 142
5.6.2 Active Noise Control 143
5.7 Vibrations and Buildings 145
Chapter 6: Lightning, Electrostatic Discharge, and Buildings 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Mechanisms and Characteristics of Lightning 148
6.3 Building System Lightning Exposure and Protection 150
6.4 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): An Introduction 153
6.5 Electrostatic Charge: Charging Mechanism 154
6.6 ESD Solutions 156
Chapter 7: Electromagnetic Waves, Noise, and Systems Susceptibility 157
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 Geomagnetic Fields and Buildings 158
7.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 159
7.4 Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS) 162
7.5 Electromagnetic Interference and Signal Protection 163
7.6 Grounding Systems of Buildings 166
7.6.1 High-Frequency Interference and Shield Grounding 168
7.6.2 Ground Loops 168
Chapter 8: From Microelectronic Technology to Information Technology 170
8.1 Intelligent Buildings 170
8.2 Intelligence Communication and Dissonance 172
8.3 Intelligence Source Objects, Quality, and Transmission 173
8.4 Intelligence Availability 175
8.5 Optical Fibers and Intelligent Buildings 177
Chapter 9: Energy Storage 181
9.1 Introduction 181
9.2 Thermal Storage 182
9.2.1 Applications and Requirements 182
9.2.2 Sensible Heat Storage 184
9.2.3 Water Thermal Storage 184
9.2.4 Latent Heat Storage 185
9.2.5 Ice Storage 186
9.2.6 System Configurations 187
9.3 Electrochemical Storage 190
9.3.1 Batteries 190
9.3.2 Battery Design and Types 192
9.3.3 Fuel Cells 193
9.3.4 Fuel Cell and System Efficiency 195
9.4 Passive Electrical Power Storage 196
9.4.1 Inductors 196
9.4.2 Capacitors 197
9.5 Active Electrical Power Storage (Solar Cells) 197
9.6 Batteries 199
Chapter 10: Integrated Building Systems Engineering and Automation 201
10.1 Introduction 201
10.2 Integration and Protocols 203
10.3 The Internet of Things 206
10.4 Active Energy 208
Chapter 11: Atmospheric Radiation Soup and Buildings and Internet of Things 211
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Basics of Radiation 211
11.2.1 US Standards (Fig. 11.4) 215
11.2.2 International Standards 216
11.3 Protective Role of the Atmosphere 217
11.4 Radiation Balance 218
11.5 Buildings and Radiation Albedo 220
11.6 Ozone Layer 221
11.7 The “Greenhouse” Effect 222
Chapter 12: Reliability Requirements, Risk Management, and Associated Building Systems Engineering 224
12.1 Introduction 224
12.2 Basic Reliability Terminology 225
12.3 Building System Reliability Analysis Procedure 227
12.3.1 Component Analysis 228
12.3.1.1 Single-Component Analysis 228
12.3.1.2 Systems with Components in Series 230
12.3.1.3 Systems with Redundant Components 231
12.3.1.4 Common Cause 232
12.4 Risk Analysis 232
12.5 Failures and Relationships 233
12.6 Fault Trees 234
12.7 Intelligent Building Automation Reliability 239
12.7.1 Computing Reliability 240
12.7.2 Hardware Redundancy 241
12.7.3 Software Redundancy 242
Part II: Integrating Nature and Understanding Behavior 244
Chapter 13: Integration of Mother Nature into Smart Buildings 245
13.1 Biophilia 245
13.1.1 Introduction: What Is Biophilia? 245
13.1.2 Biophilic Design 247
13.2 Biomimicry 251
13.3 Economics of Biophilia 258
13.4 The Natural Way Forward 260
13.5 Green Areas and Roofs, Green Facades and Walls, Urban Gardening, and Green Corridors 260
13.5.1 Green Areas in Cities 261
13.5.3 Cooling Effects 263
13.5.4 Improved Health and Well-Being and Safety 264
13.6 Green Roofs 265
13.6.1 Green Roof Construction 266
13.6.1.1 The Growing Medium 266
13.6.2 Green Roof Plants 267
13.6.2.1 Smart Maintenance of Plants on Smart Green Roofs 268
13.6.3 Benefits of Green Roofs 269
13.7 Green Facades and Green Walls 272
13.7.1 Green Facades Plants 272
13.7.2 Shading and Cooling of Plants 274
13.8 Urban Gardening/Farming/Agriculture 276
13.9 Green Corridors 278
References 279
Chapter 14: Taking Advantage of Natural Elements Surrounding the Building 282
14.1 Geothermal Energy 282
14.1.1 Introduction to Geothermal Systems 283
14.1.2 Applications in Building Systems 283
14.1.3 Components of Geothermal Systems 284
14.2 Thermocline Lakes 285
14.2.1 Introduction 285
14.2.2 Application and Components in Building Systems 286
Chapter 15: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle 288
15.1 How Do We Manage Solid Wastes? 288
15.2 How Do We Manage E-waste? 289
15.3 Treating E-waste 290
15.4 Converting MSW into Charcoal Briquettes 292
15.5 Processing Organic Waste 292
15.6 Dry Organic Waste Composting 293
15.7 Anaerobic Digestion in Communities 295
15.8 Who Are These Systems For? 298
15.9 Liquid Waste Management 299
References 301
Chapter 16: The Human Body and Building Synchronization 302
16.1 Introduction 302
16.2 The Body-Building Environment 303
16.3 Electrodynamics of Humans and Buildings 307
16.3.1 Radiofrequency Waves and the Human Body 308
16.4 Human Body Systems Versus Building Systems 309
16.4.1 Human Circulatory Versus Building Hydraulic System 309
16.4.2 Human Respiratory Versus Building Air System 312
16.5 Human Body System Automation Versus  Building System Automation 315
16.5.1 Human Logic Versus Building Control System 319
Chapter 17: Understanding the Occupant’s Behavior 323
17.1 Sustainability Is About Changing Behavior 323
What Makes Us Consume Energy? What Makes Us Waste Energy? And What Makes Us Save Energy? 324
Smart Building Design Is About Thinking Outside the Box 325
17.2 The Five Root Causes of Energy Consumption: The Five A’s 328
Sustainable, Smart Buildings Should Not Be the Exception—They Should Be State of the Art 330
It Is Not Just a Lack of Knowledge—It Is a Lack of Will 331
17.3 Sustainability Is About Understanding Behavior 332
References 334
Part III: The Smart Building in the Smart City 335
Chapter 18: Vision of Cities: From the Green City to the Smart City 336
18.1 Vancouver, Canada 338
18.2 San Francisco, USA 339
18.3 Oslo, Norway 341
18.4 A Walk Through a Sustainable, Eco, Green, Post-­Carbon City District: Experiences of an Inhabitant 346
References 349
Chapter 19: The Smart Building in the Smart City 350
19.1 Smart Buildings and the Urban System 350
19.2 A Building Is Not an Island 351
19.3 The Accessible Building 353
Accessibility Is a Matter of Proximity and Mobility 353
19.4 The Connected Building 357
19.4.1 The Connected Building Is a Power Plant in a Larger Urban System 358
19.4.2 The Connected Building Turns Waste into Valuable Resources 360
19.4.3 The Connected Building Manages Water Resources Within Micro Grids 362
19.4.4 The Connected Building Is in Constant Exchange with Its Surroundings and the Larger Urban System 364
19.5 The Building in Balance with Nature 365
19.6 The Smart Building in the Smart City 366
References 366
Chapter 20: The Journey of Water 367
20.1 Background 367
20.2 Hydrology 371
20.3 Dams/Water/Energy 372
20.3.1 Water for Food 372
20.4 Smarter Cities 374
20.4.1 Know Your Source Water 374
20.4.2 Know Your Plumbing Water for Reuse 375
20.4.3 Water from the Ocean 377
20.4.4 Know Your Behavior 378
20.4.5 Know Your Storm Water 378
Chapter 21: Integrated Affordable Mobility Solutions in a Smart Neighborhood 382
21.1 Sharing Initiatives 385
21.1.1 How Does It Work? 388
21.2 The Next Big Thing? 388
21.2.1 How Does It Work? 389
21.3 Combined Integrated Mobility Platforms 390
21.4 Delivery Solutions: Drones 390
21.5 Automated Vehicles 391
Chapter 22: International Rating Systems for Smart Buildings and Smart Cities 392
22.1 Rating Systems for Buildings 392
22.1.1 BREEAM 393
22.1.2 LEED 393
22.1.3 Green Globes 395
22.1.4 Living Building Challenge 395
22.2 Rating Systems for Cities 397
22.2.1 ISO 37120:2014 Sustainable Development of Communities: Indicators for City Services and Quality of Life 398
22.2.2 STAR Community Rating System 399
22.2.3 BREEAM Communities 400
22.2.4 LEED Neighborhood Development 400
22.2.5 Living Community Challenge 401
ERRATUM 406
References 407
Index 408