Biomaterials and Medical Devices (eBook)

Preface 7
Contents 9
Editors and Contributors 10
1 Structure and Properties of Biomaterials 14
Abstract 14
1 Introduction 14
2 Metals 17
2.1 Structure and Properties 17
2.2 Stainless Steels 19
2.3 Co-Cr Alloys 20
2.4 Ti and Its Alloys 21
2.5 Other Metallic Biomaterials 21
3 Polymers 22
3.1 Chain Structure 23
3.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 24
3.3 Examples of Most Used Polymeric Biomaterials 26
4 Ceramics 27
4.1 Bonding and Structure 27
4.2 Processing and Properties of Ceramics 28
4.3 Type of Bioceramics and Their Use 30
5 Composites 31
6 Summary 32
Acknowledgment 32
References 33
2 Naturally Derived Biomaterials and Its Processing 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction 37
2 Natural Source of Ceramic Biomaterials 38
2.1 Corals 38
2.2 Shells 39
3 Synthesis of Naturally Derived Bioceramics 40
3.1 Hydroxyapatite Powders 40
3.2 Hydroxyapatite Membranes 42
4 Other Naturally Derived Biomaterials Processes 44
4.1 Micro-Capsules 44
4.2 Bioactive Glass for Cancer Treatment 46
4.3 Dental Biomaterials 46
4.4 Surface Treatment 48
5 Perspective 50
Acknowledgment 50
References 50
3 Biocompatibility Issues of Biomaterials 53
Abstract 53
1 Introduction 54
2 Biocompatibility of Biomaterials 54
3 Factors and Nature of Biocompatibility 57
4 Biocompatibility of Selected Biomaterials 60
4.1 Amalgam 60
4.2 Acrylic Resin 61
4.3 Titanium 63
4.4 Bisphenol a Glycol Dimethacrylate (bis-GMA) 65
5 Concept of Assessing Biocompatibility 66
5.1 In Vitro Test 67
5.2 In Vivo Test 67
5.3 Clinical Test 68
5.4 Cytotoxicity Test 68
6 Development of New Biomaterials in Indonesia 70
6.1 Orthopaedic Metal Plates 70
6.2 Bone Grafts 71
6.3 Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts 71
6.4 Bone Substitutes 72
7 Perspective 74
Acknowledgement 74
References 74
4 Animal Study and Pre-clinical Trials of Biomaterials 78
Abstract 78
1 Introduction 78
2 Animal Model for Biomaterials Research 79
2.1 Common Animal Models 79
2.2 Appropriate Animal Models 80
2.3 Target Achieving Bio-Information from Animal Models 80
3 Ethics, Care and Use of Animals 83
3.1 Bioethics in Biomaterials Research 83
3.2 Principles of “3R” (Three R Principle) and “5F” (Freedoms) 83
3.3 Indonesian Regulations for Animal Use in Biomedical Research 86
3.4 Animal Ethic, Care and Use Committee 86
4 Implantation Study, Live Monitoring and Histological Analysis 87
4.1 Adaptation and Clinical Health Synchronization 87
4.2 Pre-implantation Treatments 88
4.3 Surgical Implantation 89
4.4 Post-implantation 92
4.5 Data Monitoring 94
4.6 Biomedical Imaging and Its Analysis in Life Animal 95
4.7 Histological Analysis 99
5 Experiences on Animal Study of Medical Implants in Indonesia 102
6 Perspective 104
Acknowledgements 104
References 104
5 Bioadhesion of Biomaterials 113
Abstract 113
1 Introduction 113
2 Bioadhesion: State of the Art 114
3 Aspects of Bioadhesion 117
3.1 Surface Topography 117
3.2 Chemical Interaction 118
3.3 Physical and Mechanical Interaction 119
4 Bioadhesion Testing 122
4.1 Surface Roughness Measurement 122
4.2 Contact Angle Measurement 123
4.3 Surface Topography Evaluation 125
4.4 Biofilm Formation Testing 125
5 Bioadhesion of Medical Devices 127
5.1 Polymers 127
5.2 Metals 128
5.3 Ceramics 130
5.4 Composites 130
6 Perspective 131
Acknowledgment 131
References 132
6 Degradable Biomaterials for Temporary Medical Implants 136
Abstract 136
1 Introduction 137
2 Overview on Currently Used Biomaterials 138
3 Biodegradable Polymers 140
3.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 141
3.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 144
3.3 Lesson Learned 148
4 Biodegradable Metals 149
4.1 Basic Concept 150
4.2 Degradation Assessment Techniques 153
4.3 Type of Biodegradable Metals 154
5 Perspective 160
Acknowledgment 160
References 161
7 Biomaterials in Orthopaedics 170
Abstract 170
1 Introduction 171
2 The Most Common Orthopaedic Problems in Indonesia 171
3 Surgical Intervention and Implants 174
3.1 Biomaterials in Orthopaedic Surgery 174
3.2 Types and Applications of Orthopaedic Implants 179
4 Recent Development of Orthopaedic Implants in Indonesia 185
4.1 The Rise of Local Implant Industry 185
4.2 The Challenge and Collaboration 187
Acknowledgment 188
References 188
8 Biomaterials in Dentistry 191
Abstract 191
1 The Importance of Oral Health and Dental Problem 191
2 The Most Common Dental Problems in Indonesia 193
3 Biomaterials in Restorative Dentistry 195
3.1 Preventive Materials 196
3.2 Operative Dentistry Materials 200
4 Recent Development on Dental Biomaterials in Indonesia 205
5 Perspective 207
Acknowledgment 208
References 208
9 Tissue Bank and Tissue Engineering 214
Abstract 214
1 Introduction 215
2 Natural Biomaterials 216
3 Tissue Bank 217
3.1 Regulation 218
3.2 Donors Selection 219
3.3 Tissue Procurement 222
3.4 Quarantine 223
3.5 Processing of the Tissue 223
3.6 Tissue Bank Products 225
3.7 Orthopaedic Applications 227
4 Tissue Engineering 229
4.1 The Cells 231
4.2 Scaffolds 233
4.3 Development of Tissue Engineering in Indonesia 235
Acknowledgment 237
References 237
10 Indonesian Perspective on Biomaterials and Medical Devices 242
Abstract 242
1 Indonesia, Facts and Figures 243
2 Challenge and Opportunity 244
3 Government Policy 245
3.1 Regulation 245
3.2 Roadmap for Medical Devices Development 246
Acknowledgment 248
References 248