Nanoporous Metals for Advanced Energy Technologies (eBook)

Dr. Yi Ding is currently Distinguished Professor at the Institute for New Energy & Low-Carbon Technologies, Tianjin University of Technology. He has published 98 journal articles on research that covers broad areas of nanoscale science and technology, particularly on creating functional nanoporous metal materials for use in advanced energy and environmental technologies.Prof. Dr. Zhonghua Zhang is a full professor at Shandong University. His research interests focus on dealloying mechanisms, dealloying-driven nanoporous metals, metal/metal oxide nanocomposites, transition metal chalcogenides, and their applications in energy and environment-related fields.

Preface 5
Acknowledgments 6
Contents 7
About the Authors 10
1 Introduction to Nanoporous Metals 12
Abstract 12
1.1 What Are Nanoporous Metals 13
1.2 Microstructural Characteristics of Nanoporous Metals 17
1.3 Properties of Nanoporous Metals 28
1.4 Potential Applications of Nanoporous Metals 34
1.5 Summary 39
References 39
2 Formation and Microstructural Regulation of Nanoporous Metals 47
Abstract 47
2.1 The Dealloying Method and Its History 48
2.2 Formation Mechanisms of Nanoporous Metals by Dealloying 51
2.3 Microstructure and Characterization of Nanoporous Metals 60
2.4 Microstructural Regulation of Nanoporous Metals 67
2.4.1 Design of Precursors for Dealloying 67
2.4.2 Control Over the Dealloying Parameters and Post-dealloying Treatment 72
2.4.3 Modification of Nanoporous Metals 78
2.5 Summary and Conclusions 84
References 84
3 Nanoporous Metals for Fuel Cell Applications 92
Abstract 92
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Principle and Structure of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 93
3.2.1 Electrocatalysts 94
3.2.2 Electrolyte Membrane 96
3.2.3 Fabrication of an MEA 97
3.3 Fuel Cell Electrodes Based on Nanoporous Gold (NPG) 99
3.3.1 Structural Properties of NPG 100
3.3.2 Functionalization of NPG Electrodes 103
3.3.3 Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Pt–NPG 105
3.3.4 NPG-Based Electrodes in PEM Fuel Cells 110
3.3.4.1 NPG-Based Electrodes in Hydrogen Fuel Cells 111
3.3.4.2 NPG-Based Electrodes in Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells 113
3.4 Processing of Nanoporous Alloys and Composites 122
3.4.1 NPM-Based Anode Catalysts 122
3.4.2 NPM-Based Cathode Catalysts 129
3.4.2.1 Principles of Oxygen Reduction Reactions (ORR) 129
3.4.2.2 Nanoporous Pt-Based Alloy Cathode Catalysts 130
3.4.2.3 Nanoporous Pt–Ni Cathode Catalysts 134
3.4.2.4 Nanoporous Non-Pt Cathode Catalysts 136
3.5 Summary and Outlook 139
References 140
4 Nanoporous Metals for Supercapacitor Applications 145
Abstract 145
4.1 Introduction 146
4.2 Energy Storage Mechanisms of Supercapacitors 147
4.2.1 Supercapacitor Compositions 147
4.2.1.1 Electrode 148
4.2.1.2 Electrolyte 148
4.2.1.3 Membrane 149
4.2.2 Supercapacitor Categories 149
4.2.2.1 Energy Storage Mechanisms of the EDLCs 150
4.2.2.2 Energy Storage Mechanisms of Pseudo-capacitors 151
4.3 The Advantages of Nanoporous Metals as Electrodes for Supercapacitors 152
4.4 Nanoporous Metals and Self-grown Components for Supercapacitors 153
4.4.1 Pure Nanoporous Metals as Electrodes 154
4.4.2 Surface Oxidized/OxyHydroxidized Nanoporous Metals as Electrodes 156
4.5 Active Materials Modified Nanoporous Metals for Supercapacitors 161
4.5.1 MnO2/Nanoporous Metal Composites 161
4.5.2 Metal Oxides/Nanoporous Metal Composites 167
4.5.2.1 Polymer/Nanoporous Metal Composites 171
4.5.3 Asymmetric Capacitors Based on Nanoporous Metal Electrodes 175
4.6 Summary and Outlook 178
References 179
5 Nanoporous Metals for Li Battery Applications 182
Abstract 182
5.1 Introduction 183
5.2 Operation Principles and Structure of LIBs 183
5.3 Advantages of Nanoporous Metal Materials for LIBs 185
5.4 Nanoporous Metal Materials as Electrodes of LIBs 186
5.4.1 Electrode Materials with Nanoporous Structures 186
5.4.2 Metal/Alloys Deposited on Nanoporous Metal Scaffolds 191
5.4.3 Metal Oxides Deposited on Nanoporous Metal Scaffolds 194
5.4.4 Metal Sulfides Deposited on Nanoporous Metal Scaffolds 203
5.4.5 Insertion Materials Deposited on Nanoporous Metal Scaffolds 206
5.5 Nanoporous Metal Materials as Electrode for Li-Air Batteries 209
5.6 Synthesis of Nanoporous Metals Based on Delithiation Mechanism 211
5.7 Summary and Outlook 213
References 214
6 Conclusions and Prospects 217
Abstract 217
6.1 Introduction to Nanoporous Metals 219
6.2 Formation and Microstructural Regulation of Nanoporous Metals 219
6.3 Nanoporous Metals for Fuel Cell Applications 221
6.4 Nanoporous Metals for Supercapacitor Applications 222
6.5 Nanoporous Metals for Li Battery Applications 223
6.6 Nanoporous Metals for Other Energy-Related Technologies 224
6.7 Prospects 226
References 228
Index 229