Smart Grids from a Global Perspective (eBook)

Jacquelien Scherpen's work has made a major mark in the area of model order reduction and physics-based control methods for complex nonlinear system. She combines new insights on both modeling and stabilization of nonlinear networks, including ground-breaking work on model reduction and complexity handling based on power and energy methods for control. More recently, she has developed these methods in the context of smart grid applications, resulting in a compelling demonstration of the value of applied mathematics for solving issues raised by smart grids. Her current work spans complexity reduction methods for control of distributed systems, energy- and power-based control methods for distributed systems, and distributed optimal control methods via pricing mechanisms. This unique combination promises to make important contributions to the theoretical developments in the field of systems and control, as well as to industrial, robotics, power systems, and smart grid applications. Professor Scherpen was recently promoted to a top-level professorship. As Scientific Director of the Institute for Technology and Management, she leads a team of outstanding researchers, several of whom are award-winning talents.Anne Beaulieu is project manager of the Groningen Energy and Sustainability Programme and research coordinator of the Energy Academy Europe. She joined the University of Groningen following several years as senior research fellow at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), where she also acted as deputy programme leader of the Virtual Knowledge Studio for the Humanities and Social Sciences  between 2005 and 2010. Before that, she obtained a PhD from the University of Amsterdam (2000) and in 1999, she was appointed Lecturer in Science, Culture and Communication, in Bath, UK. Her work at GESP is well served by her interdisciplinary background in the humanities and social sciences (McGill University 1992, 1994). Beaulieu has been a member of the Dutch national research school WTMC (science, technology and modern culture) since its inception.Jaap de Wilde Since 2007, Jaap de Wilde is professor in International Relations & Security at the Department of International Relations & International Organization (IRIO), University of Groningen. From 2008-2012 he was head of department. He is governor of Globalisation Studies Groningen, which he co-founded in 2010. Since 2013 he is chairman of the Dutch Foundation for Peace Research, SVW. From 2001 to 2007, De Wilde was professor in European Security Studies at the Department of Political Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and from 1995-2007 senior research fellow in European Studies and IR Theory at the Centre for European Studies (CES), University of Twente. From 1993-1995 he worked as senior research fellow at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI).

Foreword 6
Contents 10
1 Introduction---Smart Grids: Design, Analysis and Implementation of a New Socio-technical System 12
Acknowledgedments 19
References 19
Part IApproaches to Changing Energy Systems 20
2 How Energy Distribution Will Change: An ICT Perspective 21
Abstract 21
1 Prologue 21
2 Introduction 22
3 The Smart Meter View 23
4 The End User View 26
4.1 Information Flow 26
4.2 Information with Value 27
5 The DSO View 28
5.1 Topology Adaptation 29
5.2 The Value of Analytics 31
5.3 A Parallel Between Telecoms and DSO 31
6 The ICT Provider View 32
7 Concluding Remarks 33
References 34
3 Smart Business for Smart Users: A Social Agenda for Developing Smart Grids 36
Abstract 36
1 The Smart Grid as Panacea 37
2 Envisioning the Smart Grid 39
3 Social Practices 42
4 User-Centered Business Models 44
5 The User as Innovator 46
5.1 Passive Barrier Roles 47
5.2 Passive Enabler Roles 47
5.3 Active Barrier Roles 47
5.4 Active Enabler Roles 47
6 Smart Business for Smart Users: A Research Agenda 49
References 50
4 Transition to Smart Grids: A Psychological Perspective 52
Abstract 52
1 Introduction 52
2 Which Behaviour Changes Are Needed to Promote Smart Grids? 53
3 Factors Underlying Behaviour in Smart Grids 55
3.1 Motivations 55
3.2 Contextual Factors 58
4 Interventions to Promote a Transition to Smart Grids 59
4.1 Structural Strategies 59
4.2 Psychological Strategies 61
5 Acceptability of Smart Grids 64
5.1 Distributive Fairness 64
5.2 Trust in Involved Parties and Acceptability 65
5.3 Public Involvement 65
6 Conclusion 66
References 67
5 What Are Smart Grids? Epistemology, Interdisciplinarity and Getting Things Done 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction: Kinds of Work Done by Definitions 72
2 Definitions and Promissory Work 74
3 Definitions and the Creation of Objects 76
4 Definitions and Boundary Work 77
5 Conclusion 79
Acknowledgments 81
References 81
Part IIControl and Regulation of SmartGrids: Technical, Legal, Economic,and Social Approaches 83
6 Cyber-Security Vulnerabilities: An Impediment Against Further Development of Smart Grid 84
Abstract 84
1 Introduction to Smart Grid 84
2 Smart Grid Vulnerabilities 85
3 Categorization of Smart Grid Vulnerabilities 87
4 Vulnerabilities Associated with Smart Substations 87
5 Vulnerabilities Associated with the AMI System 88
5.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 89
5.2 AMI System Topology 90
5.3 AMI Network Domains 91
5.4 Cyber Threats Impacting AMI Systems 92
5.5 AMI Cybersecurity Provisions 94
6 Suitability of Microgrid as a Testbed for Cybersecurity 95
6.1 Overview of BCIT Microgrid 95
6.2 The BCIT Microgrid as a Cyberwar Theatre 98
7 Conclusion 99
Further Readings 100
7 The Optimal Control Problem in Smart Energy Grids 101
Abstract 101
1 Introduction 101
2 Preliminaries 103
3 Supply--Demand Matching 105
3.1 Demand Response Regulation 106
3.2 Energy Storage Using Power-to-Gas Facilities 107
4 Embedding in the Market Structure 110
4.1 Universal Smart Energy Framework 110
4.2 Demand Response in the Universal Smart Energy Framework 112
5 Concluding Remarks 115
Acknowledgements 116
References 116
8 Economic Regulation of Energy Networks 118
Abstract 118
1 Introduction 118
2 Theory of Economic Regulation 120
2.1 Regulatory Principles 120
2.2 Tariff Regulation, Investments and Risks 123
2.3 Realising Optimal Investments 124
3 Regulation of the Dutch Distribution Grids 126
3.1 General Principles 126
3.2 Regulation of Tariffs and Quality 126
3.3 Effects on Tariffs and Network Quality 128
4 Tariff Regulation and Smart Grids 129
5 Conclusion 132
References 133
9 Frequency Regulation in Power Grids by Optimal Load and Generation Control 134
Abstract 134
1 Introduction 135
2 Dynamic Model of the Power Grid 136
3 Stability and Incremental Passivity of the System 139
4 Maximising Social Welfare 142
5 Optimal Generation and Load Control 144
6 Case Study 145
7 Conclusions and Future Research 147
Appendix 147
References 150
10 Charging Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid 152
Abstract 152
1 Introduction 152
2 Electrical Vehicle Charging 154
2.1 Battery Charging and State of Charge 154
2.2 IEC Charging Modes 155
2.3 Communication 155
2.4 Alternative Charging Solutions 156
3 Sample Case Study 1: Load Flattening 156
4 Sample Case Study 2: Balancing Renewable Generation 159
5 Demand Response Strategies 161
6 Simulation Tools 163
7 Conclusions 165
Acknowledgements 166
References 166
11 Demand Side and Dispatchable Power Plants with Electric Mobility 167
Abstract 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Sources of Variability and Flexibility 169
3 Electric Mobility 170
4 Electric Mobility and Demand Side Management 172
5 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles as Dispatchable Power Plants 173
6 FCEVs as Dispatchable Power Plants: Implementation Aspects 174
6.1 Technical and Institutional Considerations 174
6.1.1 Power Capacity of V2G 174
6.1.2 Institutions and Business Models 175
6.2 Frameworks for Implementation 175
6.3 Barriers for V2G Implementation 176
7 Car-Park Power Plant 177
7.1 Car-Park Power Plant 178
7.2 Operation of a Car-Park Power Plant 178
8 Final Remarks 180
Acknowledgments 180
References 181
12 Privacy Issues in the Use of Smart Meters---Law Enforcement Use of Smart Meter Data 182
Abstract 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Smart Meter Data Under European Data Protection and Privacy Rules 184
2.1 Privacy and Data Protection in Europe 184
2.2 Smart Meter Data as Personal Data 186
3 Smart Meters and Law Enforcement Authorities 187
3.1 Risks for the Protection of Privacy of Individuals Deriving from Surveillance via Smart Meter Data 188
3.1.1 Individual Surveillance 189
3.1.2 Mass Surveillance 191
4 European Legal Framework and Existing Safeguards 192
5 Conclusion 195
References 196
13 Conducting a Smarter Grid: Reflecting on the Power and Security Behind Smart Grids with Foucault 200
Abstract 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Politics of Smart Grids 202
3 Power, Knowledge and the Conducting of Choice 204
4 Knowing the Grid and Its Consumers 205
5 Conducting the Conduct of Consumers 207
6 Securing Free Electricity Markets 208
7 Decentralisation of Electricity 210
8 In Reflection 212
References 213
Part IIIImplementing Smart Grids:What Have We Learned? 217
14 Emerging e-Practices, Information Flows and the Home: A Sociological Research Agenda on Smart Energy Systems 218
Abstract 218
1 Introduction 219
2 Social Practice Theory and Smart Energy Systems 219
2.1 Energy Practices 220
2.2 Dynamics of the Home 221
3 Information Flows in Smart Grid Configurations 222
3.1 Information, Control and Privacy 224
4 Findings on Emerging e-Practices and Information Flows 225
4.1 Information Flows Within Households 225
4.2 Information Flows Between Households and Providers 226
4.3 Information Sharing Between Householders 227
5 Conclusion 229
6 An Unfolding Research Agenda on Smart Energy Systems and e-Practices 230
References 232
15 Smart Grid Pilot Projects and Implementation in the Field 235
Abstract 235
1 Introduction 236
2 Towards Regional Tailor-Made Solutions 237
3 Lessons Learned from Dutch Demonstration Projects 238
3.1 Feasibility Projects: PowerMatching City 239
4 Small Scale Demonstration Projects 240
4.1 PowerMatching City II 241
4.2 Smart Grid: Benefits for All 242
5 Towards Large-Scale Implementation 244
5.1 Green Deal Smart Energy Cities 245
5.2 Universal Smart Energy Framework 246
6 Conclusions 247
16 Energy Efficiency in a Mobile World 249
Abstract 249
1 Introduction 249
2 Data Collection in a Smart Grid Living Lab 251
3 Information Visualisation for Sensing Data 252
4 Case Study on Energy Management 252
4.1 Domain Characterisation 253
4.2 Data and Operations 255
5 Visualisations for Domain Experts 256
6 Evaluating Visualisations 260
7 From Needs to Better Decision Support 265
8 Conclusions 266
Acknowledgments 267
References 267
17 End User Research in PowerMatching City II 269
Abstract 269
1 PowerMatching City 270
1.1 Two Energy Services: Sustainable Together and Smart Cost Savings 270
1.2 Three Ways to Control Energy Use 272
2 End User Research in PowerMatching City II 273
2.1 Timeline of the Research 273
2.2 Measures of Experiences and Behaviour 274
3 Key Results 275
3.1 Evaluation of the Two Energy Services 276
3.2 Evaluation of Automatic, Smart, and Manual Control 278
3.3 Energy Monitor 279
3.4 Smart Grid Community 279
4 Summary and Discussion 280
Acknowledgments 282
References 282