Towards 5G

Rath Vannithamby received his PhD degree in EE from the University of Toronto. He leads and manages a team responsible for 4G/5G cellular research in Intel Labs. Prior to joining Intel, he was a researcher at Ericsson responsible for 3G research. Dr. Vannithamby is a Senior Member of IEEE. He has published over 50 scientific articles and has over 120 patents granted/pending. His research interests are in the area of 4G/5G broadband mobile networks, energy efficiency, QoS for mobile internet applications, cross-layer techniques, cognitive radio, and machine-to-machine communications.

Shilpa Talwar leads a small research team focused on advanced network topologies for improving the capacity and service quality of cellular networks. Her research interests include heterogeneous networks, multi-radio interworking, device to device communications, and advanced MIMO and interference mitigation techniques. While at Intel, she has contributed to IEEE and 3GPP standard bodies, including an IEEE wide tutorial on Future Wireless Networks with support of many industry partners, which led to formation of multiple study groups in IEEE 802.16, and the 802.16p standard. She is currently coordinating an effort on 5G technologies with several leading universities and industry partners. Shilpa graduated from Stanford University in 1996 with a Ph.D. in Applied mathematics and an M.S. in electrical engineering. She is the author of 60+ technical publications and patents.

List of Contributors xv

List of Acronyms xix

About the Companion Website xxxi

Part I Overview of 5G 1

1 Introduction 3
Shilpa Talwar and Rath Vannithamby

1.1 Evolution of Cellular Systems through the Generations 3

1.2 Moving Towards 5G 4

1.3 5G Networks and Devices 5

1.4 Outline of the Book 7

References 8

2 5G Requirements 9
Anass Benjebbour, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Emerging Trends in Mobile Applications and Services 10

2.3 General Requirements 15

References 21

3 Collaborative 5G Research within the EU Framework of Funded Research 23
Michael Faerber

3.1 Rationale for 5G Research and the EU's Motivation 23

3.2 EU Research 25

References 33

4 5G: Transforming the User Wireless Experience 34
David Ott, Nageen Himayat, and Shilpa Talwar

4.1 Introduction 34

4.2 Intel's Vision of 5G Technologies 34

4.3 Intel Strategic Research Alliance on 5G 40

4.4 ISRA 5G Technical Objectives and Goals 40

4.5 ISRA 5G Project Summaries 42

References 50

Part II Candidate Technologies - Evolutionary 53

5 Towards Green and Soft 55
Chih-Lin I and Shuangfeng Han

5.1 Chapter Overview 55

5.2 Efforts on Green and Soft 5G Networks 56

5.3 Rethink Shannon: EE and SE Co-design for a Green Network 57

5.4 "No More Cell" for a Green and Soft Network 67

5.5 Summary 75

Acknowledgments 76

References 76

6 Proactive Caching in 5G Small Cell Networks 78
Ejder Bastug, Mehdi Bennis, and Mérouane Debbah

6.1 Small Cell Networks: Past, Present and Future Trends 78

6.2 Cache-enabled Proactive Small Cell Networks 80

6.3 System Model 81

6.4 Proactive Caching at Base Stations 82

6.5 Proactive Caching at User Terminals 85

6.6 Related Work and Research Directions 90

6.7 Conclusions 95

Acknowledgments 95

References 95

7 Modeling Multi-Radio Coordination and Integration in Converged Heterogeneous Networks 99
Olga Galinina, Sergey Andreev, Alexander Pyattaev, Mikhail Gerasimenko, Yevgeni Koucheryavy, Nageen Himayat, Kerstin Johnsson, and Shu-ping Yeh

7.1 Enabling Technologies for Multi-Radio Heterogeneous Networks 99

7.2 Comprehensive Methodology for Space-Time Network Analysis 105

7.3 Analysis of Random Dynamic HetNets 114

7.4 Quantifying Performance with System-level Evaluations 121

7.5 Summary and Conclusions 126

Acknowledgments 126

References 126

8 Distributed Resource Allocation in 5G Cellular Networks 129
Monowar Hasan and Ekram Hossain

8.1 Introduction 129

8.2 Multi-tier 5G Cellular: Overview and Challenges 132

8.3 System Model 135

8.4 Resource Allocation using Stable Matching 139

8.5 Message-passing Approach for Resource Allocation 143

8.6 Auction-based Resource Allocation 151

8.7 Qualitative Comparison of the Resource Allocation Schemes 157

8.8 Summary and Conclusion 157

References 159

Additional Reading 160

9 Device-to-Device Communications 162

Andreas F. Molisch, Mingyue Ji, Joongheon Kim, Daoud Burghal, and Arash Saber Tehrani

9.1 Introduction and Motivation 162

9.2 Propagation Channels 163

9.3 Neighbor Discovery and Channel Estimation 166

9.4 Mode Selection and Resource Allocation 170

9.5 Scheduling 175

9.6 Multi-hop D2D 180

9.7 Standardization 183

9.8 Applications 184

9.9 D2D for Video 186

9.10 Conclusions 191

Acknowledgments 191

References 191

10 Energy-efficient Wireless OFDMA Networks 199

Cong Xiong and Geoffrey Ye Li

10.1 Overview 199

10.2 Energy Efficiency and Energy-efficient Wireless Networks 200

10.3 Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff in OFDMA 201

10.4 Energy Efficiency, Power, and Delay Tradeoff in OFDMA 208

10.5 Energy-efficient Resource Allocation for Downlink OFDMA 212

10.6 Energy-efficient Resource Allocation for Uplink OFDMA 217

10.7 Concluding Remarks 219

References 220

11 Advanced Multiple-access and MIMO Techniques 222

NOMA sections
Anass Benjebbour, Anxin Li, Kazuaki Takeda, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura
SV-MIMO sections
Yuki Inoue, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura

11.1 Introduction 222

11.2 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 225

11.3 Smart Vertical MIMO 238

11.4 Conclusion 247

References 248

12 M2M Communications 250
Rapeepat Ratasuk, Amitava Ghosh, and Benny Vejlgaard

12.1 Chapter Overview 250

12.2 M2M Communications 250

12.3 LTE Evolution for M2M 253

12.4 5G for M2M Communications 270

12.5 Conclusion 273

References 274

13 Low-latency Radio-interface Perspectives for Small-cell 5G Networks 275
Toni Levanen, Juho Pirskanen, and Mikko Valkama

13.1 Introduction to Low-latency Radio-interface Design 275

13.2 Small-cell Channel Environment Considerations and Expected Traffic 277

13.3 New Radio-interface Design for Low-latency 5G Wireless Access 283

13.4 Extending the 5GETLA Reference Design to Millimeter-Wave Communications 296

13.5 Conclusions and Open Research Topics 299

Part III Candidate Technologies - Revolutionary 303

14 New Physical-layer Waveforms for 5G 305
Gerhard Wunder, Martin Kasparick, Peter Jung, Thorsten Wild, Frank Schaich, Yejian Chen, Gerhard Fettweis, Ivan Gaspar, Nicola Michailow, Maximilian Matthé, Luciano Mendes, Dimitri Kténas, Jean-Baptiste Doré, Vincent Berg, Nicolas Cassiau, Slawomir Pietrzyk, and Mateusz Buczkowski

14.1 Why OFDM Fails 305

14.2 Unified Frame Structure 308

14.3 Waveform Candidates and Multiple-access Approaches 310

14.4 One-shot Random Access 328

14.5 Conclusions 339

References 339

15 Massive MIMO Communications 342
Frederick W. Vook, Amitava Ghosh, and Timothy A. Thomas

15.1 Introduction 342

15.2 Overview of Multi-Antenna Techniques in LTE 343

15.3 Moving to 5G Cellular with Large-scale Antenna Arrays 345

15.4 Antenna-array Architectures for 5G Cellular 348

15.5 Massive MIMO for Evolved LTE Systems (Below 6 GHz) 349

15.6 Massive MIMO for cmWave and mmWave Systems (Above 6 GHz) 358

15.7 Conclusion 362

References 363

16 Full-duplex Radios 365
Dinesh Bharadia and Sachin Katti

16.1 The Problem 367

16.2 Our Design 372

16.3 Implementation 381

16.4 Evaluation 383

16.5 Discussion and Conclusion 393

References 393

17 Point to Multi-point, In-band mmWave Backhaul for 5G Networks 395
Rakesh Taori and Arun Sridharan

17.1 Introduction 395

17.2 Feasibility of In-band Backhaul 397

17.3 Deployment Assumptions 400

17.4 In-band Backhaul Design Considerations 402

17.5 TDM-based Scheduling Scheme for In-band Backhauling 403

17.6 Concluding Remarks 407

Acknowledgments 407

References 407

18 Application of NFV and SDN to 5G Infrastructure 408
Ashok Sunder Rajan and Kannan Babu Ramia

18.1 Chapter Overview 408

18.2 Background 408

18.3 NFV and SDN 409

18.4 Network Planning and Engineering 410

18.5 Cellular Wireless Network Infrastructure 414

18.6 Network Workloads and Capacity Factors 417

18.7 Conclusion 419

References 420

Index 421