The Circuits and Filters Handbook

MATHEMATICS, Y.-F. Huang
Linear Operators and Matrices, C.B. Schrader and M.K. Sain
Vector Spaces over Fields
Linear Operators and Matrix Representations
Matrix Operations
Determinant, Inverse, and Rank
Basis Transformations
Characteristics: Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, and Singular Values
On Linear Systems
Bilinear Operators and Matrices, M.K. Sain and C.B. Schrader
Algebras
Bilinear Operators
Tensor Product
Basis Tensors
Multiple Products
Determinants
Skew Symmetric Products
Solving Linear Equations
Symmetric Products
Summary
The Laplace Transformation, J.R. Deller, Jr.
Motivational Example
Formal Developments
LT Analysis of Linear Systems
Conclusions and Further Reading
Fourier Series, Fourier Transforms, and DFT, W.K. Jenkins
Introduction
Fourier Series Representation of Continuous-Time (CT) Periodic Signals
The Classical Fourier Transform for CT Signals
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
The Family Tree of Fourier Transforms
Selected Applications of Fourier Transforms
Summary
z-Transform, J. Kovacevic
Definition of the z-Transform
Inverse z-Transform
Properties of the z-Transform
Role of the z-Transform in Linear Time-Invariant Systems
Variations on the z-Transform
Concluding Remarks
Wavelet Transform, P.P. Vaidyanathan
Introduction
Signal Representation Using Basis Functions
The Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT)
Digital Filter Banks and Subband Coders
Deeper Study of Wavelets, Filterbanks, and STFT
The Space of L1 and L2 Signals
Riesz Basis, Biorthogonality, and Other Fine Points
Frames in Hilbert Spaces
The STFT: Invertibility, Orthonormality, and Localization
Wavelets and Multiresolution
Orthonormal Wavelet Basis from Paraunitary Filter Banks
Compactly Supported Orthonormal Wavelets
Wavelet Regularity
Concluding Remarks
Graph Theory, K. Thulasiraman
Basic Concepts
Cuts, Circuits, and Orthogonality
Incidence, Circuit, and Cut Matrices of a Graph
Orthogonality Relation and Ranks of Circuit and Cut Matrices
Spanning Tree Enumeration
Graphs and Electrical Networks
Tellegen's Theorem and Network Sensitivity Computation
Arc Coloring Theorem and the No-Gain Property
References
Signal Flow Graphs, K. Thulasiraman
Adjacency Matrix of a Directed Graph
Coates' Gain Formula
Mason's Gain Formula
References
CIRCUIT COMPONENTS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION, J. Choma
Passive Circuit Elements
Resistor, S. Nowak
Capacitor, S. Nowak
Inductor, T. Postupolski
Transformer, G.E. Carlson
Semiconductor Diode, B.M. Wilamowski
Controlled Circuit Elements
Controlled Sources, E. Greeneich
Signal Converters, J.F. Delansky
Operational Amplifiers
The Ideal Operational Amplifier, D.G. Nairn
The Non-Ideal Operational Amplifier, D.G. Nairn
Frequency and Time Domain Considerations, S.B. Franco
GENERAL CIRCUIT THEORY, J. Choma
Fundamental Circuit Concepts, J. Choma
The Electrical Circuit
Circuit Classifications
Network Laws and Theorems
Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws, R.R. Chen and A.M. Davis
Network Theorems, M.A. Simaan
Analysis in the Time Domain
Signal Types, R.W. Newcomb
First Order Circuits, R. Newcomb
Second Order Circuits, R. Newcomb
Analysis in the Frequency Domain
Network Functions, J. Vlach
Advanced Network Analysis Concepts, J. Choma
Linear Two-Port Networks, J. Choma and W.K. Chen
Theory of Two-Dimensional Hurwitz Polynomials, H.C. Reddy
Introduction
Background Discussion and Notations
Various Analog Hurwitz Polynomials
Testsets for Analog Hurwitz Polynomials
Very Strict Hurwitz Polynomials
Application of 2-D Hurwitz Polynomials in 2-V Passive Networks and Stability
Conclusions
LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, L. Huelsman
Port and Terminal Representation, J. Svoboda
Introduction
Terminal Representations
Port Representations
Port Representations and Feedback Systems
Conclusions
Signal Flow Graphs in Filter Analysis and Synthesis, P.M. Lin
Formulation of Signal Flow Graphs for Linear Networks
Synthesis of Active Filters Based on Signal Flow Graph, Representation of a Passive Filter Circuit
Synthesis of Active Filters Based on Signal Flow Graph, Representation of a Filter Transfer Function
Tableau and Modified Nodal Formulations, J. Vlach
Nodal and Mesh Formulations
Graphs and Tableau Formulation
Modified Nodal Formulation
Nonlinear Elements
Nodal Analysis of Active Networks
References
Frequency Domain Methods, P. Aronhime
Network Functions
Network Theorems
Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis and Phasor Transforms
Symbolic Analysis, M. Hassoun
Introduction and Definition
Frequency Domain Analyis
Traditional Methods (Single Expressions)
Hierarchical Methods (Sequence of Expressions)
Time Domain Analysis
References
Using Nullors to Analyze Linear Networks, J. Svoboda
Modeling Linear Networks Using Nullors
Analysis of RC-Nullor Networks
Computing the Transfer Function of a RC-Nullor
Equivalent Networks
Conclusions
References
State-Variable Techniques, K.S. Chao
The Concept of States
State-Variable Formulation via Network Topology
Natural Response and State Transition Matrix
Complete Response
References
FEEDBACK CIRCUITS, W.K. Chen
Feedback Amplifier Theory, J. Choma
Introduction
Methods of Analysis
Signal Flow Analysis
Global Single Loop Feedback
Pole Splitting Open Loop Compensation
Summary
References
Feedback Amplifier Configurations, J. Choma
Introduction
Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
Shunt-Series Feedback Amplifier
Shunt-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
Series-Series Feedback Amplifier
Dual Loop Feedback
Summary
References
General Feedback Theory, W.K. Chen
The Indefinite-Admittance Matrix
The Return Difference
The Null Return Difference
The Network Functions and Feedback, W.K. Chen
Blackman's Formula
The Sensitivity Function
Measurement of Return Difference, W.K. Chen
Blecher's Procedure
Impedance Measurements
Multiple-Loop Feedback Amplifiers, W.K. Chen
The Multiple-Loop Feedback Amplifier Theory
The Return Difference Matrix
The Null Return Difference Matrix
The Transfer-Function Matrix and Feedback
The Sensitivity Matrix
Multiparameter Sensitivity
NONLINEAR CIRCUITS, L.O. Chua
Circuit Elements, Modeling, and Equation Formulation, J. Nossek
Lumped Circuit Approximation
Circuit Elements and Connecting Multiport
Characterization of Circuit Elements
Connecting Multiport
Tableau Formulation
References
Qualitative Analysis, M. Hasler
Resistive Circuits
Autonomous Dynamic Circuits
Nonautonomous Dynamic Circuits
References
Synthesis and Design of Nonlinear Circuits, A. Rodriguez-Vazquez, M. Delgado-Restituto, and J.L. Huertes
Introduction
Approximation Issues
Aggregation, Scaling, and Transformation Circuits
Piecewise-Linear Circuitry
Polynomials, Rational, and Piecewise-Polynomial Functions
Sigmoids, Bells, and Collective Computation Circuits
Extension to Dynamic Systems
Representation, Approximation, and Identification, G. Chen
Introduction
Representation
Approximation
Identification
References
NONLINEAR CIRCUITS II, L.O. Chua
Transformation and Equivalence, W. Mathis
General Equivalence Theorems for Nonlinear Circuits
Normal Forms
Dimensionless Forms
Equivalence between Nonlinear Resistive Circuits
Equivalence of Lumped n-Port Networks
Equivalence between Nonlinear Dynamic Circuits
References
Piecewise-Linear Analysis, J. Vandewalle and L. Vandenberghe
Introduction and Motivation
Hierarchy of Piecewise Linear Models and Their Representations
Piecewise-Linear Models for Electronic Components
Structural Properties of Piecewise-Linear Resistive Circuits
Analysis of Piecewise Linear Resistive Circuits
Piecewise-Linear Dynamic Circuits
Efficient Computer-Aided Analysis of PWL Circuits
References
Simulation, E. Lindberg
Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Algebraic Equations
Integration of Nonlinear Differential Equations
Use of Simulation Programs
References
Cellular Neural Networks, T. Roska
Introduction: Definition and Classification
The Simple CNN Circuits Structure
The Stored Program CNN Universal Machine and the Analogic CNN Supercomputer Chip
Applications
Template Library, Analogical CNN Algorithms
References
Bifurcation and Chaos, M.P. Kennedy
Introduction to Chaos
Chua's Circuit: A Paradigm for Chaos
Chua's Oscillator
Van der Pol Neon Bulb Oscillator
Synchronization of Chaotic Circuits
Applications of Chaos
References
DISTRIBUTED CIRCUITS, T.K. Ishii
Transmission Lines, T.K. Ishii
Generic Relations
Two-Wire Lines
Co-axial Lines
Waveguides
Microstrip Lines
Co-Planer Waveguide (CPW)
References
Multiconductor Transmission Lines,
D. De Zutter and L. Martens
Introduction: Frequency- versus Time-Domain Analysis
Telegraphers Equations for Uniform Multiconductory Transmission Lines
References
Time- and Frequency-Domain Responses,
D. De Zutter and L. Martens
Time Domain Reflectometry
Frequency Domain Network Analysis
References
Distributed RC Networks, V. Székely
Uniform, Distributed RC Lines
Non-Uniform Distributed RC Lines
Infinite-Length RC Lines
The Inverse Problem for DRC Circuits
Synthesis of Distributed Circuits, T.K. Ishii
Generic Relations
Synthesis of a Capacitance
Synthesis of an Inductance
Synthesis of a Resistance
Synthesis of Transformers
Synthesis Examples
Synthesis of Couplers
References
STABILITY ANALYSIS, R.W. Liu
Stability Tests for Polynomials, P. Bauer
Introduction
Root Clustering and the Principle of Argument
The Interlacing Property
Degree Reduction and the Routh Array
The Hurwitz Criterion
Other Related Stability Criteria
The Discrete Time Case
Some Simple Stability Checks and Rules
Root Locus, P. Bauer
Introduction
Rules for the Construction of Root Loci
Stability of Polynomials with One Free Parameter
The Nyquist Criterion, C. Rohrs
Development of the Nyquist Theorem
Examples of the Nyquist Theorem
Closed-Loop Response and Nyquist Diagrams
Robustness-Stability and Performance under Modeling Uncertainty, C. Rohrs
Modeling Uncertainty
Robust Stability
Performance and Robustness
Controller Design Using Nyquist-Bode Techniques, C. Rohrs
General Principles for Designing Series Compensators Using Frequency Response Techniques
A Design Example Using a Lead-Lag Compensator
Controlling Unstable Plants
Controlling Plants with Right Half-Plane Zeros
Stability Robustness, W.-S. Lu
Stability Robustness as Related to Problems in Circuits and Filters
Stability Robustness of Hurwitz Polynomials
Stability Robustness of Schur Polynomials
Lyapunov and Other Non-Kharitonov Approaches: State-Space Models
Time-Delay and Two-Dimensional Systems
References
Robust Stability of Circuits with Multiple Uncertain Parameters, L. Qiu
Introduction
Matrix Norms and Singular Value Decomposition
Unimodal Functions and One-Dimensional Optimization
Real Stability Radius
Computational Examples
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION, S.M. Kang
Introduction, S.M. Kang
Modeling of Circuit Performances, S.M. Kang and A. Dharchoudhury
Circuit Performance Measures
Input-Output Relationships
Dependency of Circuit Performance on Circuit Parameters
Design of Experiments
Least-Squares Fitting
Variable Screening
Stochastic Performance Models
Other Performance Modeling Approaches
Example of Performance Modeling
Symbolic Analysis Methods, M.H. Hassoun
Introduction
Symbolic Modified Nodal Analysis
Solution Methods
Ideal Operational Amplifiers
Applications of Symbolic Analysis
Symbolic Analysis Software Packages
Numerical Analysis Methods, A.T. Yang
Circuit Equations
Sparse Matrix Solvers
Design by Optimization, S.S. Sapatnekar
Introduction
Optimization Algorithms
The Transistor Sizing Problem for CMOS Digital Circuits
The Design Centering Problem
Statistical Design Optimization, M.A. Styblinski
Problems and Methodologies of Statistical Circuit Design
Underlying Concepts and Techniques
Statistical Methods of Yield Optimization
Conclusion
ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, J. Choma
Monolithic Device Models
Bipolar Junction Transistor, B.M. Wilamowski
MOSFET Technology Devices, J. Choma
JFET Technology Transistors, S.I. Long
Passive Components, N.M. Nguyen
Chip Parasitics in Analog Integrated Circuits, M.A. Brooke
Analog Circuit Cells
Bipolar Biasing Circuits, K. Noren
Canonical Cells of Linear Bipolar Technology, J. Choma and J. Trujillo
MOSFET Biasing Circuits, D.G. Haigh
Canonical Cells of MOSFET Technology, M. Ismail, S.C. Huang, C.C. Hung, and T. Saether
High Performance Analog Circuits
Broadband Bipolar Networks, C. Toumazou, A. Payne, and J. Lidgey
Bipolar Noise, B.M. Wilamowski
DIGITAL AND ANALOG VLSI, J. Choma
Physical Design Automation, N.A. Sherwani
Introduction
VLSI Design Cycle
Physical Design Cycle
Design Styles
Partitioning
Other Partitioning Algorithms
Placement
Routing
Classification of Global Routing Algorithms
Classification of Detailed Routing Algorithms
Compaction
Summary
Design Automation Technology, A.M. Dewey
Introduction
Design Entry
Conceptual Design
Synthesis
Verification
Test
Frameworks
Summary
Computer-Aided Analysis
Analog Circuit Simulation, J.G. Rollins
Parameter Extraction for Analog Circuit Simulation, P. Bendix
Digital Circuits
MOS Digital Logic Circuits, J.P. Uyemura
Transmission Gates, B.J. Sheu and R.C. Chang
Digital Systems
Programmable Logic Devices, F.G. Gray
Clocking Schemes, W.D. Grover
MOS Storage Circuits, B.J. Sheu and J.C. Chang
Microprocessor-Based Design, R. Priemer
Systolic Arrays, K. Yao and F. Lorenzelli
Data Converters
Digital-to-Analog Converters, B.-S. Song
Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC's), R. Harjani
FILTER CHARACTERISTICS, L. Huelsman
General Characteristics of Filters, A. Antoniou
Introduction
Characterization
Time-Domain Response
Fequency-Domain Analysis
Ideal and Practical Filters
Amplitude and Delay Distortion
Minimum-Phase, Nonminimum-Phase, and Allpass Filters
Introduction to the Design Process
Introduction to Realization
Approximation, A.M. Davis
Introduction
The Butterworth LPP Approximation
The Chebychev LPP Approximation
The Bessel-Thompson LPP Approximation
The Elliptic Approximation
Frequency Tranformations, J. Ramirez-Angulo
Low-Pass Prototype
Frequency and Impedance Scaling
Low-Pass to High-Pass Transformation
Low-Pass to Band-Pass Transformation
Low-Pass to Band-Reject Transformation
Sensitivity and Selectivity, I. Filanovsky
Introduction
Definitions of Sensitivity
Function Sensitivity to One Variable
Coefficient Sensitivity
Root Sensitivities
Statistical Model for One Variable
Multiparameter Sensitivities and Sensitivity Measures
Sensitivity Invariants
Sensitivity Bounds
Remarks on the Sensitivity Applications
Sensitivity Computation Using Adjoint Networks
General Methods of Reducing Sensitivity
Cascaded Realization of Active Filters
Sensitivity of Doubly-Terminated Matched Lossless Filters
Sensitivity of Active RC-Filters
Errors in Sensitivity Comparisons
PASSIVE FILTERS, W.K. Chen
Passive Immittances and Positive-Real Functions
Passive Cascade Synthesis
Type-E Section
The Richards Sections
The Darlington Type-D Section
Synthesis of LCM and RC One-Port Networks
LCM One-Port Networks
RC One-Port Networks
Two-Port Synthesis by Ladder Development
The LC Ladder
The RC Ladder
The Parallel or Series Ladders
Design of Resistively Terminated Networks
Double-Terminated Butterworth Networks
Double-Terminated Chebyshev Networks
Design of Broadband Matching Networks
Basic Coefficient Constraints
Design Procedure
Explicit Formulas for the RLC Load
ACTIVE FILTERS L. Huelsman
Low-Gain Active Filters, P. Allen, B. Blalock, and S. Milam
Introduction
First- and Second-Order Transfer Functions
First-Order Filter Realizations
Second-Order, Positive-Gain Filters
Second-Order, Biquadratic Filters
Higher-Order Filters
Influence of Nonidealities
Summary
Single-Amplifier Multiple-Feedback Filters, F.W. Stephenson
Introduction
General Structure for Single-Amplifier Filters
All-Pole Realizations of the MFB Structure
MFB All-Pole Designs
Practical Considerations in the Design of MGB Filters
Modified Multiple-Loop Feedback (MMFB) Structure
Biquadratic MMFB Structure
Conclusions
Multiple-Amplifier Biquads, M.J. Fliege
Introduction
Biquads with Decoupled Time Constants
Dual-Amplifier Twin-T Biquads
GIC-Derived Dual-Amplifier Biquads
GIC-Derived Three-Amplifier Biquads
State-Variable Based Biquads
Allpass-Based Biquads
Summary
Current Generalized Immittance Converter (CGIC) Biquads, W. Mikhael
Introduction
Biquadratic Structure Using the Antoniou CGIC (20A-CGIC Biquad)
Realization of the Most Commonly Used Biquad Functions Using the 2-OA CIGC
Stability during Activiation and Sensitivity Using the 2-OA-CGIC Biquad
Design and Tuning Procedure of the 2-OA CGIC Biquad
Design Examples Using the 2-OA CGIC Biquand
Practical High-Order Design Examples Using the 2-OA CGIC Biquand
Universal 2-OA CGIC Biquad
The 3-OA CGIC Biquadratic Structure
Design and Tuning Procedure of the 3-OA CGIC Biquad
The Compositie GIC Biquad: 2 C 2-OA-CGIC
Summary
References
Higher-Order Filters, R. Schaumann
Introduction
Cascade Realizations
Multiple-Loop Feedback Realizations
Ladder Simulations
Continuous-Time Integrated Filters, R. Schaumann
Introduction
MOSFET-C Filters
gm-C Filters
Tuning
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Switched Capacitor Filters, E. Sanchez-Sinencio and J. Silva-Martinez
Introduction
Basic Building Blocks
Effects of the OP AMP Finite Parameters
Noise and Clock Feedthrough
Design Considerations for Low-Voltage Switched-Capacitor Circuits
Design Examples
DIGITAL FILTERS, Y.C. Lim
FIR Filters
Properties of FIR Filters, M.H. Er
Design of FIR Filters, M.H Er, A. Antoniou, L.M. Smith, B.W. Bomar, Y.C. Lim, and T. Saramäki
IIR Filters
Properties of IIR Filters, S. Tantaratana
Design of IIR Filters, S. Tantaratana
Wave Digital Filters, S.S. Lawson
Lattice Filters, Y.C. Lim
Finite Wordlength Effects, B.W. Bomar
Number Representation
Fixed-Point Quantization Errors
Floating-Point Quantization Errors
Roundoff Noise
Limit Cycles
Overflow Oscillations
Coefficient Quantization Error
Realization Considerations
Aliasing Free Reconstruction Filter Bank,
T. Nguyen
Fundamentals of Multirate Systems
Aliasing-Free Filter Bank
Perfect-Reconstruction Filter Back
Design of Filter Bank
VLSI Implementation of Digital Filters,
J.B. Evans
Introduction
General Purpose Processors
Special Purpose Implementations
Programmable Logic Implementations
Two-Dimensional FIR Filters,
R. Ansari and A.E. Cetin
Introduction
Preliminary Design Considerations
General Design Methods for Arbitrary Specifications
Special Design Procedure for Restricted Classes
2-D FIR Filter Implementation
Further Information
Two-Dimensional IIR Filters,
A.G. Constantinides and X.J. Xu
Introduction
Transformation Techniques
Design of Separable Product Filters
Design of Circularly Symmetric Filters
Design of 2-D IIR Filters by Optimization
APPENDIXES