Electromagnetics of Body Area Networks – Antennas, Propagation, and RF Systems

Douglas H. Werner holds the John L. and Genevieve H. McCain Chair Professorship in the Pennsylvania State University Department of Electrical Engineering, USA. He is also the director of the Computational Electromagnetics and Antennas Research Lab, a member of the Communications and Space Sciences Lab, and a faculty member of the Materials Research Institute (MRI) at Penn State University. He holds eight patents, has published over 650 technical papers and proceedings articles, and is the author of three books and 24 book chapters. Zhi Hao Jiang received the B.S. degree in radio engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2008, and a Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, in 2013. He is currently a post-doctoral research fellow with the Computational Electromagnetics and Antennas Research Lab (CEARL), USA. He has coauthored five book chapters and over 75 papers in peer reviewed international journals and conference proceedings.

List of Contributors xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Textile Antennas for Body Area Networks: Design Strategies and Evaluation Methods 1 Ping Jack Soh and Guy A. E. Vandenbosch 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Textile Materials and Antenna Fabrication Procedure, 2 1.3 Design Strategies and Evaluation Methods, 5 1.4 Conclusion, 20 2 Metamaterial-Enabled and Microwave Circuit Integrated Wearable Antennas for Off-Body Communications 27 Zhi Hao Jiang, Taiwei Yue, and Douglas H. Werner 2.1 Introduction, 27 2.2 A Metasurface-Enabled Compact Wearable Antenna, 29 2.3 Microwave Circuit Integrated Wearable Filtering Antennas, 37 2.4 Investigation of Performance for Wearable Applications, 47 2.5 Conclusion, 55 3 AMC-Backed Flexible Near-Endfire Wearable Antennas for On-Body Communications 61 Kush Agarwal and Yong-Xin Guo 3.1 Introduction, 61 3.2 AMC-Backed Near-Endfire Antenna for On-Body Communications, 64 3.3 Fabricating the Antenna Configurations on Flexible Latex Substrate, 68 3.4 Investigation of Antenna Performances in Free Space, 69 3.5 Investigation of Antenna Performances on Voxel Model, 72 3.6 Antenna Performance Under Bending Deformation, 76 3.7 Measurement Results, 79 3.8 Conclusion, 84 4 Novel Antenna Designs and Characterization Methodologies for Medical Diagnostics and Sensing 87 Harish Rajagopalan and Yahya Rahmat-Samii 4.1 Introduction, 87 4.2 Ingestible Antenna Design at WMTS Band: Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Diagnostics, 97 4.3 Ingestible Antenna Design at ISM Band: Medical Compliance Sensing, 110 4.4 On-Body Antenna at UHF Band: RFID Tag for Patient Monitoring, 117 4.5 Future Outlook, 126 4.6 Conclusion, 129 5 Basic Performance Characteristics of Wearable Antennas Over a Wide Frequency Range 135 Koichi Ito 5.1 Introduction, 135 5.2 Frequency Dependence of Communication Channels Between Wearable Antennas Mounted on the Human Body, 136 5.3 Influences of Surrounding Environment and Body Movement, 142 5.4 Practical Applications, 149 5.5 Conclusion, 156 6 Implanted Antennas and RF Transmission in Through-Body Communications 159 Terence Shie Ping See, Zhi Ning Chen, and Xianming Qing 6.1 Introduction, 159 6.2 Antennas for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy, 162 6.3 Antennas in Wireless Implantable Neuroprobe Microsystem for Motor Prosthesis, 187 6.4 Conclusion, 201 7 Antennas, Phantoms, and Body-Centric Propagation at Millimeter-Waves 205 Nacer Chahat, Adrian Tang, Anda Guraliuc, Maxim Zhadobov, Ronan Sauleau, and Guido Valerio 7.1 Introduction, 205 7.2 Human Body Modeling and Exposure Guidelines, 207 7.3 Antennas For Off-Body Communications at Millimeter-Waves, 222 7.4 Antenna and Propagation for On-Body Propagation, 231 7.5 Conclusion, 248 8 Wearable Active Antenna Modules for Energy-Efficient Reliable Off-Body Communication Systems 261 Patrick Van Torre, Luigi Vallozzi, and Hendrik Rogier 8.1 Introduction, 261 8.2 Diversity and MIMO Techniques for Off-Body Wireless Channels, 264 8.3 Active Wearable Antennas: Efficient Design and Implementation, 269 8.4 Body-Centric MIMO Channels, 273 8.5 Applications, 295 8.6 Conclusions, 311 9 More Than Wearable: Epidermal Antennas for Tracking and Sensing 319 Sara Amendola, Cecilia Occhiuzzi, and Gaetano Marrocco 9.1 Introduction, 319 9.2 RFID Technology, 321 9.3 Radiation Performance of Epidermal Antennas, 322 9.4 Performance of Epidermal RFID Dual-Loop Tag, 328 9.5 Special (Functionalized) Epidermal Membranes, 335 9.6 Sensing Applications, 341 9.7 Conclusion, 347 10 Inkjet-Printed Smart Skins and Wirelessly-Powered Sensors for Wearable Applications 351 John Kimionis and Manos (Emmanouil) M. Tentzeris 10.1 Introduction, 351 10.2 Multilayer Inkjet Printing Conductors and Dielectrics, 352 10.3 Multilayer Inkjet Printing Antenna Examples, 354 10.4 Inkjet-Printed Sensors, 356 10.5 Conductive Polymer-Based Sensors, 357 10.6 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Sensors, 358 10.7 Inkjet-Printed Microfluidics, 360 10.8 Wireless Energy Harvesting for Wearables, 364 10.9 Microwave Receiver Design, 364 10.10 Circuit Fabrication with Inkjet-Printed Masking, 365 10.11 Input Power Estimation and RF-DC Conversion Circuit Design, 366 10.12 RF-DC Conversion Efficiency Measurement and Prototype Operation Tests, 368 10.13 Conclusion, 371 11 Circuits and Systems for Wireless Body Area Network 375 Joonsung Bae and Hoi-Jun Yoo 11.1 Introduction, 375 11.2 MBAN System Concept, 377 11.3 Energy-Efficient MBAN Hub Design, 381 11.4 Compact Sensor Node Designs, 389 11.5 System Implementation, 400 11.6 Conclusion, 401 12 Ultra Low-Power MEMS-Based Radios for WBAN 405 Raghavasimhan Thirunarayanan, Aravind Prasad Heragu, and Christian Enz 12.1 Introduction to Body Area Networks, 405 12.2 WBAN Requirements, 406 12.3 Limitations of Conventional Radios for WBAN Systems, 407 12.4 Comparison Metrics for ULP Radios, 408 12.5 MEMS Resonators A Solution to Bulky Crystals, 411 12.5.1 BAW Resonators, 411 12.6 FBAR-Based Radios, 413 12.7 FBAR-Based TX Architecture, 413 12.8 Transmitter Measurement Results, 418 12.9 Summary of the FBAR-Based TX, 424 12.10 Receiver Architecture, 424 12.11 Summary of the FBAR-Based RX, 443 12.12 Conclusion, 443 13 Exploring Physiological Features from On-Body Radio Channels 447 Max O. Munoz and Yang Hao 13.1 Introduction, 447 13.2 Physiological Information Parameters, 449 13.3 Methods for Non-Invasive Physiological Detection, 449 13.4 Discussion and Conclusion, 466 14 Power/Data Telemetry Techniques for Implants or Wearable Systems 471 Anil K. RamRakhyani and Gianluca Lazzi 14.1 Introduction, 471 14.2 Powering of Implants and Wearable Systems, 472 14.3 Data Communication to Implants and Wearable Systems, 481 14.4 Discussion, 484 14.5 Design Examples, 485 14.6 Conclusion, 488 References, 488 Index 493