Active Power Line Conditioners - Salvador Perez Litran, Patricio Salmeron Revuelta, Jaime Prieto Thomas

Active Power Line Conditioners (eBook)

Design, Simulation and Implementation for Improving Power Quality

Salvador Perez Litran, Patricio Salmeron Revuelta, Jaime Prieto Thomas (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2015 | 1. Auflage
436 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-803217-6 (ISBN)

By introducing the issues and equipment needs that arise when correcting the lack of power quality in power grids, this book helps define power terms according to the IEEE Standard 1459. Detailed chapters discuss instantaneous reactive power theory and the theoretical framework that enabled the practical development of APLCs, in both its original and modified formulations, along with other proposals.

Different APLCs configurations for load compensation are explored, including shunt APF, series APF, hybrid APF, and shunt combined with series APF, also known as UPQC. The book includes simulation examples carefully developed and ready for download from the book's companion website, along with different case studies where real APLCs have been developed.

Finally, the new paradigm brought by the emergence of distribution systems with dispersed generation, such as the use of small power units based on gas technology or renewable energy sources, is discussed in a chapter where mitigation technologies are addressed in a distributed environment.

Combines the development of theories, control strategies, and the most widespread practical implementations of active power line conditioners, along with the most recent new approaches
Details updated and practical content on periodic disturbances mitigation technologies with special emphasis on distributed generation systems
Includes over 28 practical simulation examples in Matlab-Simulink which are available for download at the book's companion website, with 4 reproducible case studies from real APLCs

Patricio Salmerón Revuelta was born in Huelva, Spain. He received his Ph.D. from the Electrical Engineering Department of the University of Seville, Spain. In 1983, he joined the Seville University as an Assistant and then Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. Since 1993, he has been a Full Professor at Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, University of Huelva. He is head of the research Group Electrical and Electronics of La Rábida, GEYER, and has directed several research projects related to electrical measurements in nonsinusoidal systems and equipment implementation to mitigate the lack of electric power quality. His research interests include electrical power quality, electrical power systems, active power filters and distributed generation.

Active Power Line Conditioners: Design, Simulation and Implementation for Improving Power Quality presents a rigorous theoretical and practical approach to active power line conditioners, one of the subjects of most interest in the field of power quality. Its broad approach offers a journey that will allow power engineering professionals, researchers, and graduate students to learn more about the latest landmarks on the different APLC configurations for load active compensation. By introducing the issues and equipment needs that arise when correcting the lack of power quality in power grids, this book helps define power terms according to the IEEE Standard 1459. Detailed chapters discuss instantaneous reactive power theory and the theoretical framework that enabled the practical development of APLCs, in both its original and modified formulations, along with other proposals. Different APLCs configurations for load compensation are explored, including shunt APF, series APF, hybrid APF, and shunt combined with series APF, also known as UPQC. The book includes simulation examples carefully developed and ready for download from the book's companion website, along with different case studies where real APLCs have been developed. Finally, the new paradigm brought by the emergence of distribution systems with dispersed generation, such as the use of small power units based on gas technology or renewable energy sources, is discussed in a chapter where mitigation technologies are addressed in a distributed environment. Combines the development of theories, control strategies, and the most widespread practical implementations of active power line conditioners, along with the most recent new approaches Details updated and practical content on periodic disturbances mitigation technologies with special emphasis on distributed generation systems Includes over 28 practical simulation examples in Matlab-Simulink which are available for download at the book's companion website, with 4 reproducible case studies from real APLCs

Introduction to Power Quality from Power Conditioning

Abstract

This chapter begins with an introduction to the concept of power quality, which has developed into a discipline that defines the reference parameters for assessing the suitability of the waveforms of voltage and current of an electrical system, so allowing compatible operation of all equipment that constitutes that system. Different standards set limits on the allowed disturbances of voltage and current source. Some disturbances that occur in an electrical network are due to the presence of nonlinear loads. A model based on the equivalent Norton of a load is presented, in order to develop a theoretical analysis of the system when this load type is present. Furthermore, an update of compensation equipment configurations most common in the technical literature is given, including active power filters. This equipment has proven effective in the dynamic compensation of nonlinear loads.

Keywords

power quality

shunt active power filter

series active power filter

hybrid active power filter

unified power quality conditioner

Chapter Outline

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Power Quality 2

1.2.1 Voltage Disturbances 3

1.2.1.1 Frequency Variations 4

1.2.1.2 Slow Voltage Variations 4

1.2.1.3 Voltage Fluctuations 5

1.2.1.4 Voltage Sags or Dips and Short Interruptions 6

1.2.1.5 Voltage Imbalances 7

1.2.1.6 Harmonic Voltage 7

1.2.2 Harmonics 8

1.3 Nonlinear Loads Model 10

1.4 Active Power Line Conditioners 14

1.4.1 Shunt Active Power Filters 14

1.4.2 Series Active Filters 15

1.4.3 Hybrid Active Filters 16

1.4.4 Unified Power Quality Conditioners 17

1.5 Summary 18

References 18

This chapter introduces the general objectives of this book. To do this, it begins with an introduction to the concept of power quality, which has become a discipline for defining the reference parameters for assessing the suitability of the waveforms of voltage and current of an electrical system. This allows to achieve compatible operation of all equipment that constitute it. This makes it possible to set limits on the disturbances in the voltage and current source which are reflected in the different standards.

An important source of the disturbances that occur in an electrical network is the presence of nonlinear loads. A model based on the Norton equivalent of a load is presented, in order to develop a theoretical analysis of the system when this load type is included.

Furthermore, an update of compensation equipment configurations most common in the technical literature that includes active power filters is also performed. This type of equipment has proven to be effective in the dynamic compensation of nonlinear loads. Different topologies are presented as an introduction. The following chapters will analyze these in depth, and will also introduce some control strategies that allow the quality of electrical power to be improved.

1.1. Introduction

In recent decades, the concept of power quality (PQ) has become more important within the field of electrical engineering, such that currently it has become a matter of great interest for producer/supplier electricity companies, equipment manufacturers and end consumers [1].

A power quality problem can be understood as a disturbance that causes the system voltage or current to differ from an ideal reference value [2]. This definition has led to specific studies that aim to obtain a detailed account of the phenomena of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) that cause disturbances in PQ [3]. This cataloging of limiting values are detailed in various national and international standards.

A range of ways of improving power quality have been proposed that are based on passive filters, which can be understood as devices which change impedance versus frequency. Other solutions include active filters, which are able to inject harmonics that counter to the network harmonics using power-electronic converters. These filters can be connected in parallel or in series depending on the type of load that needs to be compensated. A combination of both filter types (passive and active) can also be used, and this is known as a hybrid filter. In this case the active filter can improve the frequency response of the passive filter.

In this chapter, Section 1.2 discusses the various disturbances that may be present in the voltage waveform and the limits on the distortion levels of electric current. To do this, a load classification in different classes as provided in the standard as well as its current harmonic limits are presented. Nonlinear loads generate harmonic currents that can cause disturbances and malfunction of the facilities. To limit its effects, standards set limits to the harmonic levels that loads can inject to the electric network. Section 1.3 presents these standards and summarizes these limits. In Section 1.4, a nonlinear load model that allows the analysis of systems including these loads is proposed. They are also classified according to the harmonic type generated in the system. In Section 1.5, the filter configurations most common in the literature are summarized and their main features are outlined.

1.2. Power Quality

Many social and economic activities depend on the quality and efficiency of an electrical power supply. Both industrial and commercial users are interested in guaranteeing the electrical waveform quality that supplies their different systems. The proliferation of electronic equipment increases the nonlinearity of the load and so worsens the quality of the power in the system. Harmonic current drawn from a supply by the nonlinear load results in the distortion of the supply voltage waveform at the point of common coupling (PCC) due to the source impedance. Both distorted current and voltage may cause end-user equipment to malfunction, conductors to overheat and may reduce the efficiency and life expectancy of the equipment connected at the PCC.

Nowadays, problems with power quality can be very expensive due to bad operation of sensitive load. Hence, International Standards have established limits for harmonic current emissions, power quality measurement conditions and testing techniques to apply. A summary of the disturbances and limits set by the main standards are presented here.

1.2.1. Voltage Disturbances

Electricity supplied to customers has many features that can vary and affect how it can be used. From the point of view of the consumer, it is desirable that the supply voltage has a frequency and amplitude that does not vary and that the sinusoidal waveform is not distorted. In practice, there are numerous factors that prevent this aim being achieved. Of these, the principal factor is due to using the same users make the electrical wave that disturbs their characteristics with respect to the ideal situation [4].

Electrical current demanded by customers flowing through the distribution network produces voltage drops. This means that the supply voltage is continuously affected by these voltage drops, which in turn depend on the existing power demand at a given time. On the other hand, the system components may be subject to faults that may affect the supply voltage which could interrupt the supply to one or many consumers.

To maintain the frequency at a constant value, it is necessary to have a production capacity that can continuously adapt to simultaneous demand by all customers, although both production and demand are likely to vary in different ways. Specifically, in the case of production loss and damage to the transmission or distribution networks, the risk of an increase or decrease in frequency that will be corrected with the secondary regulation or tertiary regulation of the power system.

There are many phenomena that can disturb the normal functioning of consumer’s equipment. Some them are associated with inevitable transients or are caused by defects: maneuvers or atmospheric phenomena. Others are due to the use that is now made electrical energy, since equipment that modifies the waveform of the system voltage is connected directly to the network. This is due to the proliferation of loads that produce these effects. On the other hand, these loads include control circuits that are sensitive to these disturbances.

Therefore, the power quality in relation to some of its features depends more on client than distributor or producer, so if the goal is to obtain a certain level of quality, both client and supplier must work together to achieve this.

Either way, the standards seek to ensure on the one hand that the supply voltage presents values that guarantee the PQ within limits, [5] and on the other try to limit disturbances that are produced by customer loads [6] and so minimizing any effect on the voltage.

The standard of the voltage wave is characterized [5] by the following parameters: frequency, amplitude, shape, and symmetry. From the point of view of generation, the...

Erscheint lt. Verlag	5.8.2015
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
ISBN-10	0-12-803217-0 / 0128032170
ISBN-13	978-0-12-803217-6 / 9780128032176

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