Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles

The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others?


Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.


Table of Contents


Front Matter
Summary
1 Introduction
2 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in Spark-Ignition
Engines
3 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in
Compression-Ignition Diesel Engines
4 Electrified Powertrains
5 Transmissions
6 Non-Powertrain Technologies
7 Cost and Manufacturing Considerations for Meeting Fuel Economy
Standards
8 Estimates of Technology Costs and Fuel Consumption Reduction
Effectiveness
9 Consumer Impacts and Acceptance Issues
10 Overall Assessment of CAFE Program Methodology and Design
Appendix A: Statement of Task
Appendix B: Committee Biographies
Appendix C: Presentations and Committee Meetings
Appendix D: Ideal Thermodynamic Cycles for Otto, Diesel, and
Atkinson Engines
Appendix E: SI Engine Definitions and Efficiency Fundamentals
Appendix F: Examples of Friction Reduction Opportunities for Main
Engine Components
Appendix G: Friction Reduction in Downsized Engines
Appendix H: Variable Valve Timing Systems
Appendix I: Variable Valve Lift Systems
Appendix J: Reasons for Potential Differences from NHTSA Estimates
for Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Turbocharged,
Downsized Engines
Appendix K: DOE Research Projects on Turbocharged and Downsized
Engines
Appendix L: Relationship between Power and Performance
Appendix M: HCCI Projects
Appendix N: Effect of Compression Ratio of Brake Thermal Efficiency
Appendix O: Variable Compression Ratio Engines
Appendix P: Fuel Consumption Impact of Tier 3 Emission Standards
Appendix Q: Examples of EPA's Standards for Gasoline
Appendix R: Impact of Low Carbon Fuels to Achieve Reductions in GHG
Emissions (California LCFS 2007 Alternative Fuels and Cleaner
Fossil Fuels CNG, LPG)
Appendix S: NHTSA's Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction
Effectiveness of Technologies and Estimated Costs of Technologies
Appendix T: Derivation of Turbocharged, Downsized Engine Direct
Manufacturing Costs
Appendix U: SI Engine Pathway NHTSA Estimates Direct Manufacturing
Costs and Total Costs
Appendix V: SI Engine Pathway NRC Estimates Direct Manufacturing
Costs Alternative Pathway, Alternative High CR with Exhaust
Scavenging, and Alternative EVAS Supercharger
Appendix W: Technologies, Footprints, and Fuel Economy for Example
Passenger Cars, Trucks, and Hybrid Passenger Cars
Appendix X: Full System Simulation Modeling of Fuel Consumption
Reductions
Appendix Y: Acronym List