Energy Auditing in Electrical Utilities

Rajiv Shankar is an M.Tech ( Electrical) from IIT, Delhi, India. He has 20 years experience in installation, testing, commissioning and maintenance of electrical systems. He is now Senior Manager ( Electrical) , Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited, Surat.

General Aspects of Energy Auditing • Introduction • Benefits from Energy Audit • Requirement to Conduct Energy Audit • Methodology for Energy Audit • Preparation of Tender Enquiry Document • Scope of Work Clause • Time Frame Clause • Secrecy Clause • Methodology Clause • Commercial Terms and Conditions Clause • Energy Audit Report • Executive Summary • General Aspects of Energy Auditing • Energy Tracking System • Utilities Infrastructure • Assessment and Recommendation • Conclusion • Software • Squirrel Cage Induction Motor • Introduction • Construction of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor • Special Design Feature for High Efficiency Motor • Operation of Induction Motor • Torque-Speed Characteristics • Types of Load • Operating Parameters of Motor • Motor Power Factor • Motor Efficiency • Losses • Core Losses • Windage and Friction Losses • Copper Losses in Stator and Rotor • Stray Load Losses • Measurement of Efficiency • Standards • Measurement of Resistance • Slip Measurement • Loading of Motor • No Load Test • Determination of Energy Saving • Determination of Load • Assessment of Economic Feasibility • Choice of Energy Efficient Motor • Energy Saving Options in Oversized Motor • Affect of Variation of Voltage on Performance of Motor • Over-voltage • Under-voltage • Effect on Efficiency Due to Variation in Load • Power Factor • Unbalance Phase Voltage • Insulation System • Service Factor • Motor Improvement Programme • Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) • Conclusion • Software • Transformer • Introduction • Basic Principle of Working of a Transformer • Transformer Losses • Fixed Losses • Load Losses • Evaluation of Transformer Losses • Reduction in Transformer Losses • Energy Conservation Building Code • Conclusion • Software • HT and LT Cables • Introduction • Selection of Cable • Construction • Insulation • Inner Sheath • Armouring • Outer Sheath • Specification • Tests • Installation • Economics in Selection of Cable • Conclusion • Software • Lighting • Introduction • Terms and Definition • Lumen • Lux • Load Efficacy • Lamp Circuit Efficacy • Colour Rendering Index (CRI) • Characteristic of Different Types of Lamps • Aspects of Lighting System Designing • Installed Load Efficacy Ratio • Various Means for Energy Saving • Use of Natural Daylight • Reduction in Light Fixture • High Efficiency Lamps and Luminaries • Effect of Reduction in Supply Voltage on Energy Consumption • Electronic Ballast and Low Loss Electromagnetic Choke • Timers and Occupancy Sensors • Fluorescent Tube Light • CFL Lamps • Energy Efficiency Building Code • Lighting Control • Exterior Lighting Control • Conclusion • Software • Capacitor Bank • Introduction • Reactive Power • Power Factor • Remedy of Poor Power Factor • Location of Capacitor Bank • Economics of Power Factor Improvement • Energy Conservation Building Code • Metering and Monitoring • Thermal Monitoring of Main Distribution System • Power Distribution System Losses • Conclusion • Software • Compressed Air System • Introduction • Types of Air Compressor • Reciprocating Compressor • Rotary Compressor • Centrifugal Compressor • Compressor Assessment • Capacity Assessment • Compressor Efficiency • Isothermal Efficiency • Volumetric Efficiency • Specific Power Consumption • Leak Test • Quantification of Leakage • Steps of Energy Conservation in Compressed Air System • Conclusion • Software • Pumps • Introduction • Centrifugal Pumps • Characteristic Curves of a Centrifugal Pump • Pump Performance Calculations • Pump Hydraulic Power • Pump Shaft Power • Electrical Input Power • System Curve • Pump Characteristic • Sizing of Pump • Energy Saving in Pumping System • Speed Variation of Pump • Change in Impeller Diameter of Pump • Parallel Pumping • Conclusion • Software • Air Conditioning System • Introduction • Energy Efficiency in Air Conditioning System • Specific Power Required • Coefficient of Performance • Conclusion • Software • Installation of software.