Energy and the Environment

CHAPTER 1 Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial Society 1


1.1 Introduction 1


1.2 WhyDoWeUse So Much Energy? 4


1.3 Energy Basics 7


1.4 Units of Energy 11


1.5 Scientific Notation 12


1.6 Energy Consumption in the United States 14


1.7 The Principle of Energy Conservation 20


1.8 Transformation of Energy from One Form to Another 21


1.9 Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Sources 22


Key Terms 24


Suggested Reading and References 24


Questions and Problems 24


Multiple Choice Questions 25


CHAPTER 2 The Fossil Fuels 28


2.1 Introduction 28


2.2 Petroleum 29


2.3 History of the Production of Petroleum in the United States 30


2.4 Petroleum Resources of the United States 32


2.5 World Production of Petroleum 35


2.6 The Cost of Gasoline in the United States 36


2.7 Petroleum Refining 37


2.8 Natural Gas 39


2.9 The History of Use of Natural Gas 41


2.10 The Natural Gas Resource Base in the United States 43


2.11 The Natural Gas Resource Base for the World 44


2.12 The Formation of Coal 46


2.13 Coal Resources and Consumption 46


2.14 Shale Oil 49


2.15 Tar Sands 52


2.16 Summary 52


Key Terms 53


Suggested Reading and References 54


Questions and Problems 54


Multiple Choice Questions 55


CHAPTER 3 Heat Engines 57


3.1 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 57


3.2 The Energy Content of Fuels 58


3.3 The Thermodynamics of Heat Engines 59


3.4 Generation of Electricity 61


3.5 Electric Power Transmission 63


3.6 Practical Heat Engines 65


3.7 Heat Pumps 71


3.8 Cogeneration 74


Key Terms 76


Suggested Reading and References 76


Questions and Problems 76


Multiple Choice Questions 77


CHAPTER 4 Renewable Energy Sources I: Solar Energy 81


4.1 Introduction 81


4.2 Energy from the Sun 82


4.3 A Flat–Plate Collector System 87


4.4 Passive Solar 91


4.5 Solar Thermal Electric Power Generation 94


4.6 The Direct Conversion of Solar Energy to Electrical Energy 100


4.7 Solar Cooling 106


Key Terms 107


Suggested Reading and References 107


Questions and Problems 108


Multiple Choice Questions 108


CHAPTER 5 Renewable Energy Sources II: Alternatives 111


5.1 Introduction 111


5.2 Hydropower 112


5.3 Wind Power 118


5.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 125


5.5 Biomass as an Energy Feedstock 130


5.6 Biomass: Municipal Solid Waste 135


5.7 Biomass–Derived Liquid and Gaseous Fuels 136


5.8 Geothermal Energy 140


5.9 Tidal Energy 145


5.10 Wave Energy 147


5.11 Summary 147


Key Terms 148


Suggested Reading and References 148


Questions and Problems 149


Multiple Choice Questions 150


CHAPTER 6 The Promise and Problems of Nuclear Energy 152


6.1 Introduction 152


6.2 A Short History of Nuclear Energy 153


6.3 Radioactivity 156


6.4 Nuclear Reactors 157


6.5 The Boiling Water Reactor 159


6.6 Fuel Cycle 162


6.7 Uranium Resources 163


6.8 Environmental and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Energy 165


6.9 Nuclear Reactor Accidents 168


6.10 Nuclear Weapons 170


6.11 The Storage of High–Level RadioactiveWaste 172


6.12 The Cost of Nuclear Power 174


6.13 Nuclear Fusion as an Energy Source 175


6.14 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions 177


6.15 A Fusion Reactor 178


Key Terms 182


Suggested Reading and References 182


Questions and Problems 183


Multiple Choice Questions 184


CHAPTER 7 Energy Conservation 187


7.1 A Penny Saved Is a Penny Earned 187


7.2 Space Heating 189


7.3 Water Heaters, Home Appliances, and Lighting 201


7.4 Energy Conservation in Industry and Agriculture 208


Key Terms 212


Suggested Reading and References 212


Questions and Problems 213


Multiple Choice Questions 214


CHAPTER 8 Transportation 216


8.1 Introduction 216


8.2 Power and Energy Requirements 219


8.3 Electric Batteries, Flywheels, Hybrids, Hydrogen, Alcohol 226


8.4 Mass Transportation 240


Key Terms 243


Suggested Reading and References 243


Questions and Problems 244


Multiple Choice Questions 244


CHAPTER 9 Air Pollution 247


9.1 Spaceship Earth 247


9.2 The Earth’s Atmosphere 248


9.3 Thermal Inversions 249


9.4 Carbon Monoxide 253


9.5 The Oxides of Nitrogen 258


9.6 Hydrocarbon Emissions and Photochemical Smog 259


9.7 Reduction of Vehicle Emissions 262


9.8 Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere 265


9.9 Particulates as Pollutants 267


9.10 Acid Rain 272


Key Terms 275


Suggested Reading and References 275


Questions and Problems 275


Multiple Choice Questions 276


CHAPTER 10 Global Effects 279


10.1 Introduction 279


10.2 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 280


10.3 The Greenhouse Effect and World Climate Changes 284


Key Terms 296


Suggested Reading and References 296


Questions and Problems 297


Multiple Choice Questions 298


APPENDIX 299


A.1 Linear Plots, Semilogarithmic Plots, and Exponential Growth 299


A.2 Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin Temperature Scales 302


ANSWERS TO SELECTED END–OF–CHAPTER PROBLEMS 304


INDEX 306