Environmental Microbiology for Engineers

Volodymyr Ivanov earned his doctor of biological sciences degree in microbiology and biotechnology from the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. His professional experience includes 40 years of teaching and research in microbiology and biotechnology at various universities of Europe, Asia, and the USA. Dr. Ivanov has published 200 papers, eight patents, eight scientific monographies, and 20 book chapters. His major scientific achievements are the theory of physiological dualism of a growing cell existing in both exotrophic and endotrophic states, the revelation of a multicellular bacterial granule as a proto-organism, the periodic table of physiological classification of prokaryotes, and the establishment of construction biotechnology as a new scientific discipline.

Microorganisms
Systems
Self-Organized Systems
Life as Self-Organized Growth of Biomass
Cells
Organisms and Microorganisms
Size of Microorganisms
Biology
Microbiology
Environmental Microbiology
Why Are Microbes Used in Environmental Engineering?
Organisms of Importance in Environmental Microbiology
Viruses
Subviral Particles
Importance of Viruses in Environmental and Civil Engineering
Prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea
Importance of Prokaryotes in Environmental and Civil Engineering
Fungi
Importance of Fungi in Environmental and Civil Engineering
Algae
Importance of Algae in Environmental Engineering
Protozoa
Importance of Protozoa for Environmental Engineering
Chapter 1 Quiz




Static Biochemistry
Static and Dynamic Biochemistry
Chemical Features of Life
Balance of Elements
Covalent Bonds
Organic Compounds and Functional Groups
Polarity of Chemical Bonds
Water
pH of Solutions
Intermolecular Forces
Hydrophobic Substances and Hydrophobic Forces
Stereoisomers
Biological Monomers and Polymers
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
Lipids and Membranes
Lipid Membranes
Membrane Melting and Freezing
Amino Acids and Proteins
Structure of a Protein Molecule
Globular and Fibrous Proteins
Denaturation of Proteins
Enzymes
Coenzymes
Nucleotides
Cyclic Nucleotides
Oligonucleotides
DNA Structure
DNA Melting
DNA as a Carrier of Genetic Information
DNA Sequences and Sequencing
RNA
mRNA
tRNA
Genetic Code
rRNA and Translation
16S rRNA
Functions of rRNA in the Ribosome
miRNA
Summary of the Functions of Monomers and Polymers in a Cell
Chapter 2 Quiz

Dynamic Biochemistry
Levels of Metabolism
Biochemical Reactions
Major Features of Enzymes
Mechanism of Enzymatic Catalysis
Specificity of Enzymes
Inactivation of Enzymes
Classification of Enzymes
Environmental Applications of Microbial Enzymes and Coenzymes
Coenzymes
Units of Enzymatic Activity
Control of Individual Biochemical Reactions
Effect of Noncompetitive Inhibitors on Enzymatic Activity
Effect of Competitive Inhibitors on Enzymatic Activity
Control of a Group of Biochemical Reactions
Regulation of Enzymatic Activity in the Sequence of Enzymes
Regulation of Enzyme Synthesis and Degradation
Metabolic Blocks
Control of Metabolic Blocks
Cyclic AMP and GMP as Whole-Cell Regulators of Metabolism
Temporal Control of Cell Metabolism
Nitric Oxide as Controller of Metabolism
Quorum Sensing
Control of Metabolism in the Biosphere
Chapter 3 Quiz

Biooxidation and Bioreduction
Oxidation–Reduction
Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation of Carbon
Oxidation–Reduction during Fermentation
Energy
Two Sources of Biological Forms of Energy
Chemotrophy
Chemotrophic Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Chemotrophy: Fermentation
Chemotrophy: Anaerobic (Anoxic) Respiration
Chemotrophy: Aerobic Respiration
Phototrophy
Oxygenic and Anoxygenic Phototrophic Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Electron-Transfer Chain
Proton Motive Force
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Biological Forms of Energy
Production of Biological Energy in Photosynthesis
ATP Yield from Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP Production and Yield from Fermentation
ATP Yield from Lithotrophy
Long-Term Energy Storage in Cells
Relation to Oxygen and Generation of Energy
Chapter 4 Quiz

Biodegradation
Biodegradation and biotransformation
Biochemical Reactions of Biodegradation
Aerobic, Anoxic, and Anaerobic Biodegradation
Biodegraded Substances
Biodegradation Rates of Natural Substances
Biodegradation Rates Correlate with Turnover Rates
Degradation of Storage Polysaccharides
Biodegradation of Structural Polysaccharides
Biodegradation of Hemicellulose and Pectin
Biodegradation of Cellulose
Biodegradation of Lignin
White-Rot Fungi
Biodegradation of Chitin
Degradation of Proteins
Degradation of Amino Acids
Degradation of Nucleic Acids
Degradation of Lipids
Biodegradation of Chemicals
Degradation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene
Bioremediation of Soil and Water Polluted by BTEX Chemicals
Xenobiotics
Degradative Plasmids
Biodegradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Products of Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Nonbiodegradable and Biodegradable Polymers
Polylactic Acid and Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Chapter 5 Quiz

Molecular Biology and Genetics
Metabolic Blocks of Biosynthesis
Energy for Biosynthesis
Balance of Energy
Excess of Biological Energy
Number of Enzymes
Genes
Noncoding RNA Genes
Chromosomes
Genomes
Genomes of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
The Genome in Comparison with a Book
Flow of Genetic Information
Genetics, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, and Epigenetics
Collection of DNA Sequences
Nucleus and Nucleoid
Plasmids
Transposons
DNA Replication
Speed of DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation
Genetic Code
Genome Changes
Natural Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
Horizontal Gene Transfer
DNA Reparation and Mutations
Chemical Mutagens
Physical Mutagens
Biological Mutagens
Genetic Adaptation of Microbial Population to Changed
Environment
Chapter 6 Quiz

Bioagents of Environmental and Engineering Bioprocesses
Hierarchy of Life
Cell Aggregates
Microbial Communities and Ecosystems
Shapes of Individual and Connected Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cell Shapes as Evolutionary Adaptation to
Environment
Inner Structure of Prokaryotic Cells
Intracellular Inclusions in Prokaryotic Cells
Outer Components of Prokaryotic Cells
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Vulnerability of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
Prokaryotic Cell Walls
Origin of Gram-Negative Cells
Origin of Gram-Positive Cells
Flagella, Fimbriae, and Pili
Outer Membrane, Lipopolysaccharides, and S-Layer
Glycocalyx and Capsule
Anabiotic Prokaryotic Cells
Structure of Eukaryotic Cells
Organelles
Chapter 7 Quiz

Reproduction, Proliferation, and Growth
Reproduction of Viruses
Reproduction of Prokaryotes
Vegetative Reproduction of Microscopic Eukaryotes
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction of Microscopic Eukaryotes
Cell Growth and the Cell Division Cycle
Coordination of Cell Cycle Events
Periods of Exotrophy and Endotrophy in the Cell Cycle
Cell Differentiation
Growth and Proliferation of Cell Populations
Generation Time and Number of Generations
Specific Growth Rate
Stoichiometry of Microbial Growth
Cell Age and Cell Trophic State Distributions in Microbial
Populations
Quantification of Microbial Biomass
Microscopic Enumeration
Flow Cytometry Enumeration
Physical Methods of Microbial Biomass Measurement
Chemical Methods of Microbial Biomass Measurement
Physiological Methods of Microbial Biomass Measurement
Biological Methods of Cell Enumeration: Plate Count
Biological Methods of Cell Enumeration: Most Probable
Number Count
Enumeration of Cells and Viral Particles at Low Concentrations
Molecular-Biological Methods of Microbial Biomass
Quantification
Chapter 8 Quiz

Microbial Ecology
Ecosystems
Levels of Ecosystems
Ecosystem Boundaries
Boundaries of Unicellular Organisms
Boundaries of Multicellular Aggregates
Boundaries of Microbial Communities in Environmental Engineering Systems
Diversity of a Microbial Ecosystem
Quantification of Ecosystem Diversity
Diversity in an Anaerobic Digester
Types of Interactions in Microbial Ecosystems
Population Density Determines Interaction Type
Commensalism
Mutualism
Interactions of Microorganisms in Cellular Aggregates
Positive Interactions between Animals and Microorganisms
Symbiotic Mutualism
Positive Interactions between Plants and Microorganisms
Symbiosis of Plants and Microorganisms
Neutral Competition
Amensalism
Antagonism
Predation
Parasitism
Microbial Parasites of Plants
Microbial Parasites of Human and Animals
Effects of Nutrients on Biotic Elements
Effects of Nutrients on Yield
Effect of Starvation on Microorganisms
Effect of Oxygen on Biotic Elements
Anoxic Microorganisms
Effect of Temperature on Growth
Effect of pH on Growth
Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Growth
Natural Death of Microorganisms
Fate of Microorganisms Released into the Environment
Chapter 9 Quiz

Classification of Viruses and Microorganisms
Biological Classification
Units of Biological Classification
Names of Species
Classification of Viruses
Groups of Viruses
Importance of Viruses for Environmental Engineering
Isolation and Collection of Microbial Strains
Microbial Collections
Classification of Microorganisms
Phenotypic Characteristics
Genotypic Classification
Phylogenetic Classification
G+C Content in DNA and Genotypic Classification
Comparison of the Steps in Phenotypic and Phylogenetic Identification of Strains
Phylogenetic Groups of Prokaryotes
Classification of Microscopic Fungi
Classification of Microscopic Algae
Classification of Protozoa
Chapter 10 Quiz

Physiological Classification of Prokaryotes
Physiology of Prokaryotes
Three Types of Chemotrophic Energy Generation
Three Types of Phototrophic Energy Generation
Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Prokaryotes
Contradictions between rRNA-Based Phylogenetic
Classification and Physiological Classification of Prokaryotes
Absence of Predictive Power in rRNA-Based Phylogenetic Classification
Parallelism in Evolution of Genes
Periodic Table of Prokaryotes
Origin of Prokaryotes in Aquatic, Terrestrial, and Extreme Environments
Phototrophic Prokaryotes in the Periodic Table
Reasons for Evolutionary Parallelism in the Periods of the Periodic Table of Prokaryotes
Geological Synchronization of the Periods in the Periodic Table of Prokaryotes
Practical Importance of the Periodic Table of Prokaryotes
Chapter 11 Quiz

Groups of Anaerobic Prokaryotes
The 24 Major Physiological Groups of Prokaryotes
Gram-Negative (Aquatic) Chemotrophic Fermenting Bacteria
Gram-Positive (Terrestrial) Chemotrophic Fermenting Bacteria
Chemotrophic Fermenting Archaea
Gram-Negative (Aquatic) Phototrophic Bacteria That Use
Products of Fermentation as Electron Donors
Gram-Positive (Terrestrial) Phototrophic Bacteria That Use
Products of Fermentation as Electron Donors
Phototrophic Archaea That Use Products of Fermentation as Electron Donors
Chapter 12 Quiz

Groups of Anoxic Prokaryotes
Gram-Negative (Aquatic), Chemotrophic, Anoxic Bacteria
Dissimilatory Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
Iron-Reducing Bacteria
Denitrifying Bacteria
Gram-Positive (Terrestrial), Chemotrophic, Anoxic Bacteria
Chemotrophic, Anoxic Archaea (Methanogens)
Gram-Negative (Aquatic), Phototrophic, Anoxic Bacteria
Gram-Positive (Terrestrial), Phototrophic, Anoxic Bacteria
Phototrophic Archaea That Use Products of Anoxic Respiration as Electron Donors
Chapter 13 Quiz

Groups of Microaerophilic and Facultative Aerobic/Anaerobic
Prokaryotes
Evolutionary Adaptations of Facultative Aerobic/Anaerobic and
Microaerophilic Prokaryotes
Gram-Negative (Aquatic), Chemotrophic, Facultative Aerobic/
Anaerobic Bacteria
Gram-Negative (Aquatic), Chemotrophic, Microaerophilic Bacteria
Gram-Positive (Terrestrial), Chemotrophic, Facultative Aerobic/
Anaerobic and Microaerophilic Bacteria
Chemotrophic, Facultative Aerobic/Anaerobic and
Microaerophilic Archaea
Gram-Negative (Aquatic), Phototrophic, Facultative Aerobic/
Anaerobic and Microaerophilic Bacteria
Gram-Positive (Terrestrial), Phototrophic, Facultative Aerobic/
Anaerobic and Microaerophilic Bacteria
Phototrophic, Facultative Aerobic/Anaerobic and
Microaerophilic Archaea
Chapter 14 Quiz

Groups of Aerobic Prokaryotes
Functions of Aerobic Prokaryotes
Pseudomonads and Their Relatives
Slime-Producing Bacteria
Phosphate-Accumulating Bacteria
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
Methanotrophs
Oligotrophs
Bacterial Parasites of Bacteria
Rhizobia
Gram-Negative, Chemotrophic, Aerobic Pathogens
Ammonium-Oxidizing Chemolithotrophs (Nitrifying Bacteria)
Sulfur-Oxidizing, Chemolithotrophic Bacteria
Iron- and Manganese-Oxidizing Bacteria
Gram-Positive (Terrestrial), Chemotrophic, Aerobic Bacteria
Chemotrophic, Aerobic Archaea
Gram-Negative (Aquatic), Phototrophic, Aerobic Bacteria
Gram-Positive (Terrestrial), Phototrophic, Aerobic Bacteria
Phototrophic, Aerobic Archaea
Chapter 15 Quiz

Public Health and Water Disinfection
Saprophytic, Pathogenic, and Opportunistic Microbes
Parasites of Humans and Animals
Stages of Infectious Disease
Transmission of Infection
Patterns and Extent of Infectious Disease
Cooperation between Epidemiologists and Civil Engineers
Infections via Vectors
Factors of Microbial Pathogenicity
Exotoxins
Enterotoxins
The Problem of Opportunistic Bacteria in Environmental Biotechnology
Waterborne Pathogens
Detection of Waterborne Pathogenic Viruses
Waterborne Pathogenic Bacteria
Fate of Pathogens Released into the Environment
Waterborne Pathogenic Protozoa
Indicator Microorganisms
Coliforms as Indicators of Fecal Pollution
Other Indicators of Fecal Pollution
Bacteriological Quality of Water
Protozoan and Viral Pathogens
Detection of Pathogens in the Environment
Removal and Killing of Pathogens
Control of Microbial Death in Water
Thermal Treatment of Water
Pasteurization and Sterilization
Sterilization by Electromagnetic Radiation
Sterilization by Filtration
Conservation
Disinfectants and Antiseptics
Antibiotics
Disinfection
Resistance of Different Microbial Groups to Disinfection
Comparison of Chemical Disinfectants
UV Disinfection of Water
Chemical Interference with Disinfection of Water
Physical Interference with Disinfection of Water
Chapter 16 Quiz

Biotechnological Processes
Biotechnology
Environmental Biotechnology
Comparison of Biotechnological Treatment with Other Methods
Applicability of Environmental Biotechnology
Combination of Biotechnology with Other Methods
Bioprocesses Used in Environmental Biotechnology
Stages of Biotechnological Processes
Upstream Processes in Environmental Biotechnology
Pretreatment in Biotechnology
Medium Preparation
Medium Components
Preparation of Equipment
Preparation of Inoculum
Core Process in Environmental Biotechnology
Semi-Closed and Open Systems of Cultivation
Batch Culture
Continuous Cultivation
Chemostat
Plug-Flow Systems
Suspended Biomass Bioreactors
Continuous Systems with Internal Recycling or Retention of Biomass
Microbiological Methods Used in Environmental Engineering
Isolation of Pure Cultures
Selection of Microorganisms
Theoretical Selection
Selection of an Enrichment Culture
Selective Pressure
Autoselection Mechanisms
Instability of Autoselected Features
Selection of an Ecosystem
Construction of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
Steps for Artificial Recombination of DNA
Application of Genetic Engineering in Environmental Engineering
Physical Boundary of an Artificial Ecosystem
Chemical Boundary of an Artificial Ecosystem
Macro- and Microenvironments
Effect of Nutrients on Growth Rate
Downstream Processes
Microbial Aggregates
Structure of Microbial Aggregates
Sedimentation of Cellular Aggregates
Selection of Microbial Aggregates by Settling Time
Chapter 17 Quiz

Aquatic Systems and Water Biotreatment
Microorganisms of the Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, and Atmosphere
Functions of Microorganisms in the Hydrosphere
The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle
The Biogeochemical Nitrogen Cycle
The Biogeochemical Phosphorus Cycle
The Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle
The Biogeochemical Iron Cycle
Stratification in Aquatic Ecosystems
Sources of Water Pollution
Eutrophication of Water in Reservoirs
Signs of Eutrophication
Treatment of Storm Water in Artificial (Constructed) Wetlands
Stages of Treatment of Raw Drinking Water
Pollutants of Water That Can Be Removed by Biotreatment
Biological Instability of Water
Chemical Removal of Sources of Biological Instability
Biological Removal of Sources of Biological Instability
Disadvantages of Bioremoval of Sources of Biological Instability
BOM in Water
Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, and Total Organic Carbon
Measurement of BOM
Bioremoval of Sources of Biological Instability
Fixed-Bed Biofilters
Fluidized-Bed Biofilm Reactors
Biofiltration of Water through Soil
Organic Micropollutants of Water
Bioremoval of Endocrine Disruptors from Water
Bioremoval of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives from Water
Bioremoval of Halogenated Compounds from Water
Sucralose in Water
Taste and Odor Compounds of Microbial Origin
Arsenic in Water
Nitrate and Nitrite in Water
Heterotrophic Denitrification of Drinking Water
Autotrophic Denitrification
Conditions for Denitrification
Bioreduction of Perchlorate in Drinking Water
Iron and Manganese in Water
Chapter 18 Quiz

Anaerobic and Anoxic Treatment of Wastewater
Oxygen and Energy Generation
Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Matter
Microbiology of Anaerobic Digestion of Biopolymers
Biogas Collection and Use
Optimal Conditions for Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste
Interaction between Methanogenesis and Sulfate Reduction
Comparison of Anaerobic and Aerobic Digestion of Organic Waste
Bioreactors Used in Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment
Stirred Tank Reactors for Anaerobic Digestion of Organics
UASB Reactors
Septic Tanks
Anaerobic Processes in Landfills
Anaerobic Degradation of Xenobiotics by Fermenting Bacteria
Anoxic Bioprocesses
Nitrate Reduction in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Nitrate Reduction in Microbially Enhanced Oil Recovery
Nitrate Reduction in Soil Bioremediation
Nitrate Reduction in Geotechnical Improvement of Soil
Iron Reduction in Water, Wastewater, and Groundwater Treatment
Sulfate Reduction in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Dehalogenating Bacteria
Combined Anaerobic/Aerobic Biotreatment of Wastes
Biotechnological Treatment of Heavy Metal-Containing Waste and Radionuclide-Containing Waste
Chapter 19 Quiz

Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater
Domestic Wastewater
Industrial Wastewater
Aeration
Objectives of Aerobic Wastewater Biotreatment
Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater
Conventional Biotreatment in Aerobic Tanks
Organic Load of Aerobic Treatment
Activated Sludge Settleability
Activated Sludge Recycling
Microorganisms of Activated Sludge
Flocs of Activated Sludge
Filamentous Bacteria in Activated Sludge Flocs
Control of Filamentous Bulking of Activated Sludge
Foaming
Suspended Microbial Aggregates (Granules) Used in Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater
Removal of Nutrients from Wastewater
Aerobic Reactors
Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater with Low Concentrations of Hazardous Substances
Aerobic Digestion of Activated Sludge
Combinations of Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater with Other Treatments
Application of Microaerophilic Microorganisms in
Biotechnological Treatments
Aerobic Biofilm Reactors
Development of Biofilm in Aerobic Biofilm Reactors
Chapter 20 Quiz

Value-Added By-Products of Environmental Engineering
Organic Wastes as Raw Material for Biotechnological Transformation
Biotechnological Products from Organic Wastes
Production of Enzymes from Wastes
Production of Organic Acids
Production of Flavors
Production of Polysaccharides
Edible Mushroom Production
Production of Biodegradable Plastics
Production of Animal Feed
Use of Organic Waste for Production of Fungi for Soil Bioremediation
Solid-State Fermentation of Agricultural and
Food-Processing Wastes
Production of Fuel Ethanol
Production of Hydrogen, Methane, and Biodiesel
Production of Organic Fertilizer
Biorecovery of Metals from Mining and Industrial Wastes
Recovery of Phosphate and Ammonia
Chapter 21 Quiz

Biotreatment of Industrial Hazardous Wastes
Electron Donors and Acceptors in Biotreatments
Energetic Efficiency of Biooxidation–Bioreduction
Aerobic Treatment of Xenobiotics
Secondary Hazardous Waste
Treatment of Wastewater with Low Concentrations of Hazardous Substances
Biodegradation Using Co-oxidation/Cometabolism
Combination of Aerobic Treatment with Other Treatments
Biotreatment of Hazardous Waste by Anaerobic Fermenting Bacteria
Landfilling of Hazardous Solid Waste
Combined Anaerobic/Aerobic Biotreatment of Hazardous Industrial Waste
Optimization of Hazardous Waste Biodegradation
Optimal Temperatures for Biodegradation of Hazardous Waste
Optimal pH for Biodegradation of Hazardous Waste
Enhancement of Biodegradation by Nutrients
Enhancement of Biodegradation by Growth Factors
Increase of Bioavailability of Contaminants
Enhancement of Biodegradation by Enzymes
Enhancement of Biodegradation by Aeration and Oxygen Supply
Enhancement of Biodegradation by Oxygen Radicals
Enhancement of Biodegradation by Electron Acceptors Other Than Oxygen
Bioenhancement of the Treatment of Hazardous Waste
Application of Acclimated Microorganisms
Selection and Use of Pure Cultures
Construction of Microbial Communities
Construction of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
Environmental Engineering Applications of Recombinant Strains of Microorganisms
Application of Microbial Aggregates and Immobilized Microorganisms
Chemical Gradients in Microbial Aggregates
Chapter 22 Quiz

Solid Wastes and Soil Biotreatment
Solid Wastes
Treatment of Solid Wastes
Landfills
Biological Reactions of Decay in Landfills
Sewage Sludge Processing
Composting
Microbiology of Composting
Bulking Agents
Types of Composting Systems
Optimal Parameters for Composting
Composting a Mixture of Wastes
Vermicomposting
Scale of Composting
Public Health Aspects of Composting
Odor Control in Composting
Composting of Hazardous Organic Wastes
Soil
Organic Matter in Soil
Microbial Activity and Soil
Soil and the Biodegradation of Xenobiotics
Toxic Pollutants of Soil
Sources of Soil Pollution
Leakage from Underground Storage Tank Facilities
Landfill Leachate
Bioremediation
Soil and Groundwater Bioremediation
Landfarming, Land Treatment, and Plant Bioremediation
Onsite and In Situ Soil and Groundwater Bioremediation
Excavation and Composting of Contaminated Soil
Slurry-Phase Bioremediation in Bioreactors
Gas Cleaning
Pretreatment of Contaminated Soil
Steps in Microbial Culture Development for Slurry-Phase Bioremediation
Advantages of Soil Bioremediation
Disadvantages of Soil Bioremediation
Bioremediation and Biodecontamination of Construction Sites through Biocementation
Artificial Protective Geochemical Barrier
Chapter 23 Quiz

Construction Biotechnology
Introduction
Bioagents Used in Construction Biotechnology
Construction Biotechnology Methods
Microbial Biogeotechnics
Reasons for Microbial Applications in Geotechnical Engineering
Major Applications of Microorganisms for Ground Improvement
Bioclogging
Biocementation
Chemical Grouting
Biogrouting
Microbial Processes for Bioclogging with Organic Material
Microbial Processes for Bioclogging with Inorganic Material
Clogging with Microbial Polysaccharides
Bacteria That Produce Clogging Polysaccharides
Clogging with Microbially Induced Precipitates
Biobinding
Microbial Processes of Bioclogging and Biocementation with Inorganic Compounds
Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation
Geotechnical Applications of Biocementation
Problems of Microbial Cementation and Clogging
Physiological Grouping of Chemotrophic Prokaryotes
Screening of Microorganisms for Bioclogging and Biocementation
Application of Anaerobic Fermenting Bacteria in Biogeotechnics
Application of Anoxic Bacteria in Biogeotechnics
Application of Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria in Biogeotechnics
Application of Microaerophilic Bacteria in Biogeotechnics
Application of Aerobic Bacteria in Biogeotechnics
General Considerations on Bacterial Applicability in Geotechnics
Biosafety in Biogeotechnics
Soil Biotreatment Procedures
Biocement and Biogrout Production Biotechnologies
Inoculum for Biotreatment of Soil
Use of Indigenous Microorganisms in Soil for Biocementation
Medium for Microbial Cultivation
Soil Biotreatment
Microbial Admixtures
Construction Bioplastics
Chapter 24 Quiz

Microbiology of Air and Air Treatment
Bioaerosols
Sources of Bioaerosols
Viral Aerosols
Bacterial Aerosols
Fungal Aerosols
Mycotoxins
Pollen Grain Aerosols
Concentration of Aerosols
Bioaerosol Sampling
Bioaerosols and Indoor Air Quality
Fate of Bioaerosols in the Environment
Bioaerosols from Wastewater Treatment, Spray Irrigation, and Biotechnological Plants
Odors Generated by Wastewater Treatment Plants
Treatment of Odorous and Exhaust Gases
Aerobic Biotechnological Treatment of Hazardous Waste Gas
Biotreatment of Toxic Gas
Chapter 25 Quiz

Biodeterioration, Biocorrosion, and Biofouling
Microbial Biodeterioration
Deterioration of Cultural Heritage
Microbially Influenced Corrosion
Microbial Formation of Acids
Biofouling of Membranes
Membrane Treatments of Water and Wastewater
Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling
Types of Foulants
Fouling Control
Chapter 26 Quiz

Outline and Summary of the Course "Environmental Microbiology for Engineers"
Course Outline
Summary of the Course "Environmental Microbiology for Engineers"
Microorganisms
Static Biochemistry
Dynamic Biochemistry
Biooxidation and Bioreduction
Biodegradation
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Bioagents of Environmental and Engineering Bioprocesses
Reproduction, Proliferation, and Growth
Microbial Ecology
Classifications of Viruses, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Physiological Classification of Prokaryotes
Groups of Prokaryotes
Public Health and Water Disinfection
Biotechnological Processes
Aquatic Ecosystems and Water Treatment
Anaerobic and Anoxic Wastewater Treatment
Aerobic Wastewater Treatment
Value-Added By-Products of Environmental Engineering
Solid Waste Biotreatment
Soil Bioremediation
Construction Biotechnology
Microbiology of Air and Air Treatment
Biodeterioration, Biocorrosion, and Biofouling

Tutorials
Tutorial 1: Microorganisms: Cell Size and Shape
Tutorial 2: Cell Chemistry and Structure
Tutorial 3: Metabolism and Biodegradation
Tutorial 4: Growth and Ecology
Tutorial 5: Anaerobic Processes
Tutorial 6: Aerobic Processes
Tutorial 7: Solid Waste Biotreatment
Tutorial 8: Construction Biotechnology

Exam Question Bank