Encyclopedia of Biometrics

Stan Z. Li received his B.Eng from Hunan University, China, M.Eng from National University of Defense Technology, China, and PhD degree from Surrey University, UK. He is currently a professor at the National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and the director of the Center for Biometrics and Security Research (CBSR), Institute of Automation (CASIA) and the director of the Center for Visual Internet of Things Research (VIOT), Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was elevated to IEEE Fellow in2009. His research interest includes pattern recognition and machine learning, image and vision processing, face recognition and video analytics. He has published over 300 papers in international journals and conferences and authored and edited 8 books including "Markov Random Field Models in Image Analysis" (Springer, 1st edition 1995, 2nd edition 2001, 3rd edition 2009) and "Handbook of Face Recognition" (Springer, 1st edition 2005, 2nd edition 2011). Anil K. Jain, Ph.D. (Ohio State University, USA) is a University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering at Michigan State University. His research interests include pattern recognition, computer vision and biometric recognition. He has co-authored and co-edited several books, including "Introduction to Biometrics" (Springer, 2011) and “Algorithms for Clustering Data” (Prentice Hall, 1998). He served as the editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (1991- 94) and has received a number of awards including Guggenheim fellowship, Humboldt research award, Fulbright award and King-Sun Fu award.

Access Control, Logical.- Access Control, Physical.- Age Estimation.- Anatomy of Friction Ridge Skin.- Anatomy of the Hand.- And-Or Graph Face Model and Its Applications in Artistic Sketching and Aging Simulation.- ANSI/NIST-ITL Standard: Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial, and Other Biometric Information.- Anti-spoofing, Evaluation Methodologies.- Anti-spoofing, Face.- Anti-spoofing, Face Databases.- Anti-spoofing, Fingerprint (Fake Fingers).- Anti-spoofing, Fingerprint (Hardware and Software).- Anti-spoofing, Fingerprint Databases.- Anti-spoofing, Iris.- Anti-spoofing, Iris Databases.- Anti-spoofing, Multimodal.- Anti-spoofing,Voice.- Anti-spoofing, Voice Conversion.- Anti-spoofing, Voice Databases.- Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions.- Automatic Classification of Left/Right Iris Image.- Background Checks.- Back-of-Hand Vascular Recognition.- BioAPI, Standardization.- Biometric Algorithms.- Biometric and User Data, Binding of.- Biometric Applications, Overview.- Biometric Data Interchange Format Standards.- Biometric Identity Assurance Services.- Biometric Interfaces.- Biometric Sample Acquisition.- Biometric Sample Quality.- Biometric Sample Quality, Standardization.- Biometric Sample Synthesis.- Biometric Security Standards.- Biometric Sensor and Device, Overview.- Biometric System Design, Overview.- Biometric System-on-Card.- Biometric System-on-Card, Standardization.- Biometric Systems, Agent-Based.- Biometric Technical Interface, Standardization.- Biometric Template Binarization.- Biometric Verification/Identification/Authentication/Recognition: The Terminology.- Biometric Vocabulary Standardization.- Biometric Vulnerabilities, Overview.- Biometric Zoo Menagerie.- Biometrics on Mobile Devices.- Biometrics, Overview.- Cancelable Biometrics.- Fingerprint Databases for Technology Evaluation, Characterization and Measurement of Difficulty.- Cohort-Based Score Normalization.- Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework Standardization.- Comparative Anatomy of the Face.- Configuration Issues, System Design.- Deformable Models.- Dental Biometrics.- Digitizing Tablet.- DNA Data Format Standardization.- Ear Biometrics.- Ear Biometrics, 3D.- Earprints, Forensic Evidence of.- Ear Recognition, Physical Analogies.- EEG Biometrics.- Embedded Systems.- Encryption, Biometric.- Ensemble Learning.- Environmental Testing Methodology of Biometric System Performance, Standardization.- Ergonomic Design for Biometric Systems.- Eye Features and Anatomy.- Face Alignment.- Face Databases and Evaluation.- Face Detection.- Face Device.- Face Misalignment Problem.- Face Pose Analysis.- Face Recognition Standards.- Face Recognition, 3D-Based.- Face Recognition, Component-Based.- Face Recognition, Geometric vs. Appearance-Based.- Face Recognition, Near-Infrared.- Face Recognition, Overview.- Face Recognition, Thermal.- Face Recognition, Video-Based.- Face Sample Quality.- Face Sample Synthesis.- Face Tracking.- Face Variation.- Face, Forensic Evidence of.- Finger Data Interchange Format, Standardization.- Finger Geometry, 3D.- Finger Vein.- Finger Vein Biometric Algorithm.- Finger Vein Pattern Imaging.- Finger Vein Reader.- Fingerprint Classification.- Fingerprint Compression.- Fingerprint Databases and Evaluation.- Fingerprint Features.- Fingerprint Hashing.- Fingerprint Image Enhancement.- Fingerprint Image Quality.- Fingerprint Indexing.- Fingerprint Matching, Automatic.- Fingerprint Matching, Manual.- Fingerprint Recognition, Overview.- Fingerprint Sample Synthesis.- Fingerprint Templates.- Fingerprint, Palmprint, Handprint, and Soleprint Sensor.- Footstep Recognition.- Footwear Recognition.- Forensic Applications, Overview.- Forensic Barefoot Comparisons.- Forensic DNA Evidence.- Forensic Use of Fingerprints and Fingermarks.- Fraud Reduction, Applications.- Fraud Reduction, Overview.- Fusion, Decision-Level.- Fusion, Feature-Level.- Fusion, Quality-Based.- Fusion, Rank-Level.- Fusion, Score-Level.- Fusion, Sensor Level.- Fusion, User-Specific.- Gait Biometrics, Overview.- Gait Recognition, Model-Based.- Gait Recognition, Motion Analysis for.- Gait Recognition, Silhouette-Based.- Gait Recognition, Evaluation.- Gait, Forensic Evidence of.- Gaussian Mixture Models.- Gender Classification.- Hand Data Interchange Format, Standardization.- Hand Databases and Evaluation.- Hand Geometry.- Hand Shape.- Hand Veins.- Hand-Geometry Device.- Heterogeneous Face Biometrics.- Hidden Markov Models.- Human Detection and Tracking.- Human-Biometric Sensor Interaction.- Illumination Compensation.- Image Formation.- Image Pattern Recognition.- Implementation Profiles and the Code of Practice for Implementing Biometric Systems.- Incremental Learning.- Independent Component Analysis.- Individuality of Fingerprints, A Review.- Influential Factors to Performance.- Interoperable Performance.- Iris Acquisition Device.- Iris Databases.- Iris Device.- Iris Digital Watermarking.- Iris Encoding and Recognition Using Gabor Wavelets.- Iris Image Data Interchange Formats, Standardization.- Iris Image Quality.- Iris on the MoveTM.- Iris Recognition at Airports and Border Crossings.- Iris Recognition Performance Under Extreme Image Compression.- Iris Recognition Using Correlation Filters.- Iris Recognition, Overview.- Iris Sample Synthesis.- Iris Segmentation Using Active Contours.- Iris Standards Progression.- Iris Super-Resolution.- Iris Template Extraction Via Bit Inconsistency and GRIT.- Iris Template Protection.- Keystroke Recognition.- Large Scale System Design.- Latent Fingerprint Experts.- Law Enforcement.- Linear Dimension Reduction Techniques.- Lip Movement Recognition.- Local Image Features.- Local Image Filters.- Manifold Learning.- Markerless 3D Human Motion Capture from Images.- Mixing Fingerprints.- Multibiometrics.- Multibiometrics and Data Fusion Standardization.- Multiple Classifier Systems.- Multiple Experts.- Multispectral and Hyperspectral Biometrics.- Nonlinear Techniques for Dimension Reduction.- Nose Tip Detection from Face Range Images.- Object-Oriented BioAPI Standard.- Odor Biometrics.- On-Card Matching.- Operational Times.- Palmprint, 3D.- Palm Vein.- Palm Vein Image Sensor.- Palmprint Features.- Palmprint Matching.- Performance Evaluation, Overview.- Performance Measures.- Performance Testing Methodology Standardization.- Periocular-Based Biometrics.- Photography for Face Image Data.- Plastic Surgery and Face Recognition.- Pointer-Based Recognition.- Precise Fiducial Detection.- Privacy Issues.- Procrustes Shape Distance.- Psychology of Gait and Action Recognition.- Quality Measures in Biometric Systems.- Registered Traveler.- Remote Authentication.- Remote Face Recognition.- Retina Recognition.- Score Normalization Rules in Iris Recognition.- Security and Liveness, Overview.- Security Issues, System Design.- Segmentation of Off-Axis Iris Images.- Session Effects on Speaker Modeling.- SFinGe.- Signature Databases and Evaluation.- Signature Features.- Signature Matching.- Signature Recognition, Overview.- Signature Sample Synthesis.- Signature/Sign Time Series Data, Standardization.- Simultaneous Capture of Iris and Retina for Recognition.- Skin Detection.- Skin Spectroscopy.- Skin Texture.- Skull, Forensic Evidence of.- Soft Biometrics.- Sources of Information in Biometric Fusion.- Sparse Representation for Face Recognition.- Speaker Corpora and Evaluation.- Speaker Features.- Speaker Matching.- Speaker Recognition, Overview.- Speaker Recognition, Standardization.- Speaker Segmentation.- Speech Analysis.- Speech Production.- Conformance Testing Methodologies for Biometric Data Interchange Formats, Standardization of.- Supervised Learning.- Support Vector Machine.- Surveillance.- Tamper-Proof Operating System.- Template Security.- Test Sample and Size.- Time and Attendance.- Transportable Asset Protection.- Universal Background Models.- Universal Latent Workstation.- User Acceptance.- User Interface, System Design.- Vascular Image Data Format, Standardization.- Visual Cryptography.- Voice Device.- Voice Sample Synthesis.- Voice, Forensic Evidence of.- Wavefront Coded® Iris Biometric Systems.- Wavefront Coding for Enhancing the Imaging Volume in Iris Recognition.- WS-Biometric Devices.- Zero-Effort Forgery.