Proceedings of the 11th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM) (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Introduction 14
Microparagenetic Associations of Gold in Ore-Forming Minerals from Deposits of Different Geological and Industrial Types of Ka... 18
1 Introduction 18
2 Research 19
2.1 Microparagenetic Associations of Gold in the Main Minerals of Deposits of Gold-Pyrite-Polymetallic Type 19
2.2 Microparagenetic Associations of Gold in the Main Minerals of Deposits of Gold-Sulfide-Quartz Type 20
3 Results 23
4 Discussion 24
5 Conclusion 25
References 25
Calcium Phosphate Mineralization of Bacteria 26
1 Introduction 26
2 Materials and Methods 27
2.1 Materials 27
2.2 Methods 28
2.3 Experimental Conditions: Bacteria Sorption on Hydroxyapatite 29
2.4 Experimental Conditions: Mineralization of S. Aureus 29
3 Results 30
4 Discussion 32
5 Conclusions 33
References 33
Economical Potential of an Ultramafic Rock at the Kvaløya Island, North Norway 35
1 Introduction 35
2 Geological Setting 36
3 Whole Rock Chemistry 36
3.1 Analytical Procedure 36
3.2 Results 37
4 Ore Mineralogy 38
5 Ore Mineral Compositions 41
5.1 Analytical Procedures 41
5.2 Results 41
6 Discussion 42
6.1 Formation of the Ore Minerals 42
6.2 Economical Evaluation of the Rock 42
References 43
Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Carbon Using Attapulgite Template 44
1 Introduction 44
2 Materials and Methods 45
2.1 Materials and Carbon Preparation 45
2.2 Samples Characterization 46
2.2.1 X-ray Powder Diffraction 46
2.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 46
2.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 46
2.2.4 Surface Area Measurements 47
3 Results 47
3.1 X-ray Powder Diffraction 47
3.2 TEM and SEM Observation 48
3.3 Surface Area Measurements 48
4 Discussion 50
5 Conclusions 52
References 52
Gold Characterization by MLA and Technological Tests: Discussion of Sample Preparation and Results 54
1 Introduction 55
2 Materials and Methods 56
2.1 Sample Preparation and Gold Technological Tests 56
2.2 SEM-MLA Settings 57
3 Results 58
3.1 Technological Characterization and Gold Extraction Tests 58
3.2 Gold Association by SEM-MLA for the Heavy Products 59
3.3 Gold Grain Size 62
4 Discussion and Conclusions 63
References 64
Analyzing the Characteristics and Available Attributes of Skarn Gold Deposit Tailings 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Basic Characteristics of Skarn Gold Tailings 66
2.1 Chemical Constituents 66
2.2 Phase Analysis 66
2.3 Particle Size Analysis 66
3 The Skarn Tailings Activity Analysis 68
4 Available Property Analysis for Skarn Tailings 69
4.1 Building Sand 70
4.2 Auxiliary Cementing Agent for Concrete 70
5 Conclusions 71
References 71
Reciprocity Effect Between Silicate Bacterium and Wollastonite 73
1 Introduction 73
2 Material and Methods 74
2.1 Sample Preparation 74
2.2 Experimental Method 74
2.3 Instruments 75
2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 75
3 Results and Analysis 75
3.1 Dust Characteristic 75
3.2 Biochemical Indexes Testing 77
3.3 SEM Analysis Results 77
3.4 FTIR Analysis Results 79
4 Discussions 80
5 Conclusions 81
References 82
Process Mineralogy of Lateritic Nickel Ore 84
1 Introduction 85
2 Materials and Methods 85
2.1 Studied Samples 85
2.2 Sample Preparation 85
2.3 Methods for Assessment and Analysis 86
2.3.1 Chemical Analysis 86
2.3.2 X-ray Diffraction 86
2.3.3 SEM-Based Automated Mineralogy 86
3 Results 87
3.1 Chemical Composition 87
3.2 Particle Size Analysis 87
3.3 Mineralogical Composition 88
3.4 Characteristics of Nickel Bearing Minerals 89
3.5 Validation of MLA Results 91
3.6 Elemental Distribution 91
4 Final Considerations 92
References 93
The Optimal Conditions of Preparation of Phosphogypsum-Based Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Whiskers by Hydrothermal Method Using... 94
1 Introduction 95
2 Materials and Methods 95
2.1 Materials 95
2.2 Methods 96
2.3 Analysis 96
3 Results 96
4 Discussion 96
4.1 Effect of Ball-Milling Time 99
4.2 Effect of Reaction Temperature 100
4.3 Effect of Reaction Time 100
4.4 Effect of Solid-Liquid Mass Ratio and V (Glycerol)/V (Solution) 101
4.5 Effect of Dry Temperature 101
5 Conclusions 101
References 102
Ore Mineral Textures of Late Cretaceous Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits of Turkey: Proposed Paragenetic Sequence 103
1 Introduction 104
2 Regional Geology 105
3 Materials and Methods 106
4 Ore Mineralogy and Ore Textures 106
5 Conclusions 108
References 108
Micronized Calcite Potential, Production, and Principal Characteristics of Nigde (Turkey) 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Regional Geological Setting 112
3 Experimental Methods 113
3.1 Characteristics of Nigde Marble 114
4 Conclusions 115
References 116
Lime-Assisted Cyanide Leaching of Refractory Gold Ores from Ajialongwa Mine 117
1 Introduction 117
2 Materials and Methods 118
2.1 Materials 118
2.2 Leach Tests 119
3 Results 119
3.1 Column Leach Tests 119
3.2 Pilot Plant Tests 119
3.3 Commercial Plant 120
4 Discussion 121
5 Conclusions 122
References 123
Growth Mechanism and Stability Study on the Fe3S4 Nanocrystals Synthesized Under Thermal and Humid Conditions 124
1 Introduction 124
2 Materials and Methods 125
2.1 Experimental Methods and Procedures 125
2.2 Experimental Methods and Procedures 125
2.3 Methods for Assessment and Analysis 125
2.3.1 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 125
2.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope 126
2.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 126
3 Results 126
4 Discussion 128
4.1 Growth Mechanism of Fe3S4 Nanocrystals 128
4.2 Stability Research on the Fe3S4 Nanocrystals 129
5 Conclusions 131
References 131
Antarcticite: A Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage--Experiments and Simulation 133
1 Introduction 133
2 Experiment and Simulation 134
2.1 Material 134
2.2 Experimental Method 135
2.3 Thermal Analysis 135
2.4 Numerical Scheme 136
3 Result and Discussion 139
3.1 Experimental Result 139
3.2 Numerical Results 141
4 Conclusions 142
References 143
Illite-Smectite Mixed-Layer Minerals in the Alteration Volcanic Ashes Under Submarine Environment 144
1 Introduction 145
2 Materials and Methods 145
2.1 Sample Preparation 145
2.2 XRD Analysis 146
2.3 HRTEM Analysis 147
3 Results 148
3.1 Clay Mineralogy of the Pengda Clay Beds 148
3.2 Layer Stacking of I/S Clays 149
4 Discussion 150
4.1 Characteristics of Pengda I/S Clays 150
4.2 Formation of Clay Beds in the Pengda Section 151
5 Conclusions 153
References 154
The Occurrence of Sc, Co, and Ni in Lithiophorite-type Manganese Ore 157
1 Introduction 157
2 Materials and Methods 158
2.1 Major Element Chemical Composition of Ore 158
2.2 Mineralogy Composition of Ore 158
3 Results 159
3.1 Ore Structure and Texture 159
3.1.1 Ore Structure 159
3.1.2 Ore Texture 159
3.2 Occurrence of Valuable Elements in the Ore 159
3.3 Occurrence of Co, Ni, and Sc in the Manganese Minerals 161
3.3.1 Surface Scan Analysis by Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometer of EPMA 161
3.3.2 Reduction-Sulfuric Acid Leaching Tests 161
4 Discussion 163
5 Conclusions 164
Cytotoxicity of Quartz and Montmorillonite in Human Lung Epithelial Cells (A549) 165
1 Introduction 166
2 Materials and Methods 166
2.1 Reagents 166
2.2 Cell Culture and Treatment 167
2.3 Particle Preparation and Analysis Method 167
2.4 MTT Proliferation Assay 168
2.5 LDH Activity Assay and Cytokines Release 168
2.6 Micronucleus Assay 169
2.7 Comet Assay 169
2.8 Statistic Analysis 170
3 Results 170
3.1 Mineral Analysis 170
3.2 Cell Viability 170
3.3 Effects on Plasma Membrane Permeability 171
3.4 Cytokine Release 172
3.5 Micronucleated Cell Test 173
3.6 Comet Assay 175
4 Discussion 176
References 177
Assessment and Characterization of REE Minerals from an Alkali-Carbonatitic Complex 178
1 Introduction 178
2 Materials and Methods 179
2.1 Studied Sample 179
2.1.1 General Characterization Studies 179
2.1.2 Exploratory Mineral Separations and Selective Comminution by Scrubbing 180
2.2 Methods for Assessment and Analysis 180
2.2.1 Chemical Analysis (X-ray Fluorescence) 180
2.2.2 X-ray Diffraction 180
2.2.3 SEM-Based Automated Mineralogy 181
3 Results 181
3.1 Chemical Composition 181
3.2 Particle Size Analysis 181
3.3 Mineral Modal Composition 183
3.4 Monazite Liberation and Associations 184
3.5 Elemental Distribution 186
3.6 REO Grade Versus Monazite Aggregates Distribution 187
3.7 Mineral Separations 188
3.8 Selective Comminution by Scrubbing 188
4 Final Considerations 190
References 191
Study on Influencing Factors and Planning Model of Mining Quantity About Mineral Resources in Open Pit 192
1 Introduction 192
2 The Particularity of Production in Open Pit 193
3 The Main Influencing Factors on Mining Quantity 193
3.1 The Structured Hierarchical Relation of Influencing Factors on Mining Quantity 193
3.2 Relationships Between Mining Quantity and Its Influencing Factors 194
3.2.1 Grade of Mineral Resources 195
3.2.2 Condition of Market Demand and Supply 195
3.2.3 Price of the Mineral Resources 195
3.2.4 Occurrence Conditions of Ore Body 195
3.2.5 Organization and Management of Production Process 195
3.2.6 Mining Technical Conditions 196
3.2.7 Equipment Configuration 196
4 Planning Model of Mining Quantity About Mineral Resources 196
4.1 Sales Revenue of Open Pit 197
4.2 Determination of Investment and Cost in Life Cycle 197
4.3 Model of Mining Quantity 198
5 Conclusions 199
References 200
Effect of Temperature upon Fe-Mg Composition of Garnet in Pelitic System 201
1 Introduction 201
2 Material and Methods 202
2.1 Starting Materials 202
2.2 High-Pressure and High-Temperature Experiment 203
3 Results 204
4 Discussion 206
5 Conclusions 207
References 208
An Overview of Process Mineralogy of Tungsten and Its Associated Elements 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Status Quo of Process Mineralogy Study of Tungsten and Its Associated Elements 210
3 Process Mineralogy of Major Types of Tungsten Ore 210
3.1 Process Mineralogy of Tungsten Ore Associated with Molybdenum 210
3.2 Process Mineralogy of Tungsten-Tin Polymetallic Ore 212
3.3 Process Mineralogy of Tungsten-Copper Polymetallic Ore 214
4 Future and Trends of Process Mineralogy of Tungsten Ore 215
References 216
Light Absorption Characteristics of Multi-morphology FeS2 Granular Synthesized Under Hydrothermal Conditions 217
1 Introduction 217
2 Sample Sources and Characterization 218
2.1 Sample Sources 218
2.2 Methods for Assessment and Analysis 218
2.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope 218
2.2.2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 219
2.2.3 Cary 500 UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer 219
3 Results 219
4 Calculations and Analysis of the Band Gap 219
4.1 Calculation of the Band Gap 219
4.2 Discussion 221
5 Optical Properties Evaluation 223
6 Conclusions 224
References 224
Bolshetagninskoe Deposit Microcline-Pyrochlore Ore Process Mineralogy 226
1 Introduction 227
2 Materials and Methods 229
3 Results and Discussion 229
3.1 Radiometric Separation Impact on Floatation Feed Ore Grade 229
3.2 Preferential Ore Comminution Method 232
3.3 Floatation Final Product Grade Assessment 233
4 Conclusions 234
References 235
The Roughness on Polished Gemstone Surfaces 236
1 Introduction 236
2 Materials and Methods 237
2.1 General 237
2.2 Methods for Assessment and Analysis 238
2.2.1 General 238
2.2.2 Reflectivity Meter Presidium 238
2.2.3 Confocal Microscope Leica DCM3D 239
3 Results 241
4 Discussion 241
5 Conclusions 242
References 242
Minerals of Bauxites and Residues: Problems of Processing and Enrichment (Russia) 243
1 Introduction 244
2 Materials and Methods 244
3 Results 245
4 Discussion 248
4.1 Method of Preliminary Preparation of Bauxites for Extraction 248
4.2 Utilization of Bauxite Residues 248
4.3 Influence of Chamosite on the Process of Residue Concentration 249
5 Conclusions 252
References 253
Effects of Sintering Temperature on Crystallization Behavior and Performance of Glass Ceramics from Coal Fly Ash 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Experimental Procedure 255
3 Results and Discussion 257
3.1 Crystallizing Phases 257
3.2 Microstructural Characteristics 257
3.3 The Physical and Chemical Properties 258
3.3.1 Linear Shrinkage and Bulk Density 258
3.3.2 Water Absorption 260
3.3.3 Chemical Stability 261
4 Conclusions 261
References 262
The Oxidation-Reduction Mineralogical Features of Graphite Deposit in Pingdu, Shandong 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Materials and Methods 265
2.1 General 265
2.2 Methods for Assessment and Analysis 266
2.2.1 Optical Characteristics of Minerals 266
2.2.2 X-ray Powder Diffraction 268
2.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis 270
2.2.4 Carbon-Sulfur Analysis 271
2.2.5 Results 271
3 Discussion 273
4 Conclusion 274
References 274
Study on the Effect and Mechanism of Calcination of Asbestos Tailings Mixed with Ammonium Sulfate 276
1 Introduction 276
2 Materials and Methods 277
2.1 Materials 277
2.2 Methods 278
2.3 Characterization 278
3 Results and Discussion 279
3.1 Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Extraction Rate of Magnesium from Asbestos Tailings 279
3.2 Effects of Calcination Time on the Extraction Rate of Magnesium 280
3.3 Mechanism of Calcination of Asbestos Tailings Mixed with Ammonium Sulfate 280
4 Conclusions 282
References 283
Heavy-Ion Radiation Stability of Gd2Zr2O7-Pyrochlore Glass-Ceramic Wasteforms Doped by Simulated Actinides 284
1 Introduction 285
2 Materials and Methods 285
2.1 General 285
2.2 Materials and Mix Designs 286
2.3 Methods for Assessment and Analysis 287
3 Results 287
4 Discussion 288
5 Conclusions 291
References 291
Veins, Dikes, and Pods of the UAE Mantle Peridotites: Possible Industrial Raw Materials 292
1 Introduction 293
2 Veins, Dikes, and Bodes Rock Types 294
3 Carbonate Veins 295
4 Granitic Dikes 297
5 Ultramafic Bodies 300
6 Conclusions 303
References 303
Dissolution Characteristic Study on Dustfall in Citric Acid 305
1 Introduction 305
2 Materials and Methods 306
2.1 Materials 306
2.2 Experiment Methods 306
3 Results and Discussion 307
3.1 pH/Conductivity 307
3.2 XRD Analysis 308
3.3 FTIR Analysis 308
3.4 Extracted Element Analysis 309
3.5 Morphology Analysis 310
4 Conclusions 311
References 311
Graphite and Graphite-Like Materials from Black-Shale and Magmatic Ores: Raman Spectroscopy Data 313
1 Introduction 313
2 Materials and Methods 314
2.1 General 314
2.2 Materials and Mix Designs 315
2.3 Methods for Assessment and Analysis 315
3 Results and Discussion 315
4 Conclusions 322
References 322
Analysis of Impurity Density in the Structure of Arsenopyrite of the Panimba Deposit 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Materials and Methods 326
2.1 General 326
2.2 Materials and Mix Designs 326
2.3 Methods for Assessment and Analysis 327
2.3.1 X-ray Powder Diffraction 327
2.3.2 Mineral Compositions by Electron-Probe Micro-analysis 327
2.3.3 Methods of Calculating the Defect 328
3 Results 329
4 Discussion 331
5 Conclusions 333
References 333
Research on Preparation and Influencing Factors of High Calcium High Sulfate Ash to Autoclaved Aerated Concrete 335
1 Introduction 335
2 Materials and Methods 336
2.1 Raw Materials 336
2.2 Test Method 336
2.3 Test Plan 337
3 Results and Discussion 338
3.1 Impact of Grinding Time on Activity of High Calcium High Sulfate Ash 338
3.2 Impact of Water-Powder Ratio on Adaptability Between Gas Evolution of Aluminum Paste and Densification of Lime 338
3.3 Impact of Water Consumption on Property of Product 339
4 Conclusions 340
References 341
Preliminary Discussion on Comprehensive Utilization of Tailings 342
1 Introduction 342
2 The Inspiration of Deposits Genesis for Tailings Comprehensive Utilization 344
3 The Research Progress of Elements Occurrence 345
4 Understanding 346
References 348
Study on the Thermal Conductivity of Compacted Buffer/Backfill Materials 349
1 Introduction 349
2 Experiment 350
2.1 Experimental Materials 350
2.2 Experiment 353
2.2.1 Drying of Material 353
2.2.2 Preparation of Specific Water Content 354
2.2.3 Compaction of Samples 354
2.3 Test Methods of Thermal Conductivity 354
3 Experimental Results 356
3.1 The Effects of Dry Density and Water Content on Thermal Conductivity 356
3.2 The Effects of Pyrite on Thermal Conductivity 356
4 Discussions 358
5 Conclusions 360
References 360
Study on Performances of the Concrete Pavement from Zincilate 362
1 Introduction 362
2 Materials and Methods 363
2.1 Materials 363
2.2 Test Methods 363
2.3 Performance Test 364
3 Results and Discussion 364
4 Conclusions 367
References 368
Preparation of Carbon-Coated Tourmaline and the Degradation of Methylene Blue 369
1 Introduction 369
1.1 The Harm of the Methylene Blue 370
1.2 The Function of Tourmaline in Effluent Treatment 370
2 Experiments 371
2.1 Carbon Coating Experiments 371
2.2 Degradation of Methylene Blue 371
2.3 Characterization 371
3 Results and Discussions 372
3.1 The Mineralogy Properties of Tourmaline 372
3.2 The Carbon-Coated Effect 372
3.3 The Degradation Effect of Different Tourmaline Samples 374
3.4 Infrared Radiation of Carbon-Coated Tourmalines 374
4 Conclusions 380
References 380
Raman Spectroscopic Core Scanning for Iron Ore and BIF Characterization 382
1 Introduction 382
2 Materials and Methods 383
2.1 Iron Ore Samples 383
2.2 Spectroscopic Analysis 384
2.2.1 Reflectance Spectroscopy and HyLogging 384
2.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy 384
2.2.3 Spectroscopic Analysis 386
3 Results and Discussion 386
4 Conclusions 389
References 390
Comprehensive Utilization and Purified Research on Kaolin Ores in Huichang 392
1 Introduction 392
2 Materials and Methods 393
2.1 Materials 393
2.2 Methods 393
2.2.1 Dispersive Mixing 393
2.2.2 Classification 393
2.2.3 Magnetic Separation 393
2.2.4 Flotation 396
3 Results 396
4 Discussion 396
5 Conclusions 399
Using Goethite as a Heterogeneous Fenton Catalyst for the Removal of Tetracycline Hydrochloride: Effects of Its Adsorptive and... 400
1 Introduction 401
2 Materials and Methods 402
2.1 Chemicals and Materials 402
2.2 Characterization of Materials 402
2.3 Experimental Procedure for Fenton Reaction 403
2.4 Analytical Methods 403
3 Results 403
3.1 Characterization of Iron Oxide Catalysts 403
3.2 Effect of Initial pH 404
3.3 Effect of the Catalyst Dosage 405
3.4 Effect of the Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration 406
3.5 Effect of the TC Concentration 407
3.6 Influence of Reaction Temperature 407
4 Discussion 408
4.1 Effects of Adsorptive Behaviors of Tetracycline to Goethite on the TC Fenton Removal 408
4.2 Effects of Reductive Behaviors of Tetracycline to Goethite on the TC Fenton Removal 409
4.3 Fenton Oxidation Kinetics 410
4.4 Decomposition of TC 412
4.5 Evaluation of the Mineralization of TC 413
4.6 Recycle of Goethite Catalyst 415
5 Conclusions 416
References 416
Palygorskite in the Late Miocene Red Clay Sediment from the Chinese Loess Plateau and Its Paleoclimatic Implications 419
1 Introduction 420
2 Materials and Methods 421
2.1 Geological Setting and Samples 421
2.2 XRD Analysis 423
2.3 SEM Analysis 423
2.4 HRTEM Analysis 423
3 Results 424
3.1 XRD Analysis 424
3.2 SEM Analysis 425
3.3 TEM Analysis 425
4 Discussion 427
4.1 Mineral Composition 427
4.2 Palygorskite Genesis 427
4.3 Paleoclimatic Implications 429
5 Conclusions 431
References 431
Preparation of Cristobalite and Its Thermal Characteristics 435
1 Introduction 435
2 Materials and Methods 436
2.1 Materials 436
2.2 Analysis 436
3 Results and Discussion 436
3.1 The Characteristics of Cristobalite 436
3.2 The Thermal Characteristics of the Cristobalite 437
4 Conclusions 439
References 439
Removal of Cu (II) from Aqueous Solutions Using Colloidal Pyrite Calcined Under Inert Atmosphere 440
1 Introduction 440
2 Materials and Methods 442
2.1 Experimental Materials 442
2.2 Experimental Methods and Analysis 442
2.2.1 Colloidal Pyrite Calcination 442
2.2.2 Batch Sorption Experiments 442
3 Results and Discussion 443
3.1 Effect of Calcining Temperature on Cu(II) Removal 443
3.2 Effect of pH 444
3.3 Effect of Contact Time 445
3.4 Effect of Concentrations and Temperature 445
3.4.1 Adsorption Isotherms 446
3.4.2 Adsorption Thermodynamics 447
3.5 Effect of Foreign Ion 448
3.6 Effect of DO 449
3.6.1 Cu(II) Concentration 449
4 Conclusions 450
References 450
N Reagents in the Reverse Flotation of Carbonate-Containing Iron Ores 452
1 Introduction 452
2 Materials and Methods 453
2.1 Materials 453
2.2 Reagents 453
2.3 Flotation Experiment 454
2.4 Measurement of Zeta Potential 454
3 Results and Discussion 455
3.1 Effects of Sodium Hydroxide on Direct-Reverse Flotation of Carbonate-Containing Iron Ores 455
3.2 Effects of Inorganic Dispersant on Direct-Reverse Flotation of Carbonate-Containing Iron Ores 455
3.3 Effects of Auxiliary Collectors on Reverse Flotation of Carbonate-Containing Iron Ores 458
3.4 Mechanism Research 458
3.4.1 Effects of Minerals Solution on Direct-Reverse Flotation of Carbonate-Containing Iron Ores 458
3.4.2 Calculation of Interactions Between Particles 460
4 Conclusions 462
References 463
The Study on Genotoxicity of PM2.5 Mineral Dusts to A549 Cells 464
1 Introduction 465
2 Materials and Methods 465
2.1 Materials 465
2.1.1 Cell Source 465
2.1.2 PM2.5 Level of Mineral Dusts 465
2.1.3 Reagents 466
2.2 Methods 466
2.2.1 Experimental Dust and Its Suspension Preparation 466
2.2.2 Wright-Giemsa Staining to Observe Cell Morphology 466
2.2.3 Thiazolyl Blue (MTT) Assay to Detect Cell Viability 466
2.2.4 Micronucleus Test 467
2.2.5 Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Experiments 467
2.2.6 Statistical Analysis 468
3 Results 468
3.1 Wright-Giemsa Staining for Observation of Morphological 468
3.2 MTT Detects Cell Proliferation Inhibition Rate 469
3.3 Micronucleus Test for Detection of Chromosomal Changes 469
3.4 Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Test for Detection of DNA Damage 469
4 Discussion 472
5 Conclusions 473
References 473
The Effect of Gum Arabic on the Dispersion of Cement Pastes 475
1 Introduction 475
2 Materials and Methods 477
2.1 Materials 477
2.1.1 Cement 477
2.1.2 Gum Arabic 477
2.1.3 Mix Designs 477
2.2 Test Methods 477
2.2.1 Determination of Rheological Behavior 477
2.2.2 Determination of Flow Properties over Time 479
3 Results 480
3.1 Influence of Gum Arabic on Rheological Properties of Cement Pastes 480
3.2 Relation of Apparent Paste Viscosity with Time in Different Dosages of Gum Arabic at Fixed Shear Rates 481
3.3 Influence of Gum Arabic on Fluidity of Cement Paste 481
4 Discussion 482
4.1 Dispersion Effect of Gum Arabic on Cement Particles 482
4.2 Dispersion Stability of Cement Paste with Added Gum Arabic 483
4.3 Disperse-Holding Capacity of Gum Arabic in Cement Paste 484
5 Conclusions 485
References 485
Reservoir Features of Carboniferous Sand-Mudstone Member and Effects of Diagenesis in Lunnan Region 487
1 Introduction 488
2 Lithologic Characteristics 488
3 Pore Types and Pore Structure Characteristics of Reservoir 489
3.1 Pore Types 489
3.2 Pore Structure Characteristics 490
4 Physical Characteristics 492
4.1 Distribution Characteristics of Porosity and Permeability 492
4.2 Relationship Between Porosity and Permeability 492
5 Effects of Diagenesis on Reservoir 493
5.1 Compaction and Dissolution 494
5.2 Cementation 494
5.2.1 Carbonate Cement 495
5.2.2 Cementation of Clay Minerals 495
5.3 Corrosion 497
6 Conclusion 499
References 499
The Mineral Geochemistry Identification and Its Influence on the Pore Evolution of the Upper Ordovician Carbonate Cements in T... 500
1 Introduction 501
2 Cement Categories and the Mineral Geochemistry Characteristics 502
2.1 Mineral Geochemistry Characteristics 502
3 Diagenetic Environment Analysis 504
4 Influence of Cementation on the Evolution of the Pores 507
4.1 Submarine-Meteoric Freshwater Diagenetic Phase at the Early Diagenesis 507
4.2 Porosity Shrinkage Phase at the Shallow Burial Stage 508
5 Conclusions 508
References 509
Chemical and Mineralogical Characterizations of High Ti-Bearing Blast Furnace Slag in Panzhihua, China 511
1 Introduction 511
2 Materials and Methods 512
2.1 Chemical Characterization 512
2.2 Mineralogical Characterization 513
2.2.1 XRD Analysis 513
2.2.2 Metallographic Microscope Analysis 513
2.2.3 SEM/EDS Analysis 513
3 Results and Discussion 514
3.1 Chemical Component 514
3.2 Mineralogical Characterizations 514
3.2.1 Main Mineral Phases 514
3.2.2 Optical Specification 515
3.2.3 Perovskite 515
3.2.4 Diopside 516
3.2.5 Spinel 516
3.2.6 Metallic Iron 516
3.3 Micro Area Composition 517
4 Conclusions 519
References 520
Secondary Minerals of Weathered Orpiment-Realgar-Bearing Tailings in Shimen Carbonate-Type Realgar Mine, Changde, Central China 521
1 Introduction 521
2 Essential Background of the Shimen Realgar Mine 523
3 Samples and Measurements 524
3.1 Samples 524
3.2 Measurements 525
4 Results 526
4.1 Chemical Composition of the Tailings and Water 526
4.2 XRD Analysis 527
4.3 Raman Analysis 527
4.4 SEM and TEM Observation 527
4.5 EMPA Measurement 533
4.6 XANES Spectra 533
4.7 STXM Analysis 533
5 Discussion 533
5.1 Formation of Secondary Minerals 533
5.1.1 As (III) Stage 535
5.1.2 As (V) Stage 537
5.2 Evaluation of Arsenic Activity 540
6 Conclusions 541
References 542
Appendix 545
Index 547