Progress in Automation, Robotics and Measuring Techniques (eBook)

Foreword 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 12
Distributed Temperature and Humidity MeasurementSystem Utilizing IQMESH Wireless Routing Algorithms 14
1 Introduction 14
2 System Components 15
2.1 RF Transceiver Modules 15
2.2 Temperature and Humidity Sensors 16
2.3 End Device 16
3 System Structure and Operation 16
3.1 IQMESH Discovery Routing Algorithm [6] 17
3.2 System Operation – Main Algorithm 18
3.3 Coordinator and Node Realization 20
4 System Modelling 20
5 Summary 21
References 22
Integrated SCADA Checkweigher System 23
1 Introduction 23
2 Checkweigher Description 24
3 System Structure and Requirements 25
4 Algorithms and System Properties 27
4.1 Data Acquisition 27
4.2 Signal Processing 28
4.3 Control and Visualization 29
5 Prototype Evaluation 30
6 Summary 31
References 31
Miniature Transducer of Linear DisplacementBased on Miniature Hall Effect Sensors 33
1 Introduction 33
2 Physically Experiments and Preparing of MathematicalModel 34
3 Transducer of Linear Displacement – Configuration andSimulation Tests 35
4 Summary and Conclusions 37
References 38
Hybrid Vision System for Diagnosticsof Technical Objects and Processes 39
1 Introduction 39
2 The Concept of Hybrid Vision Method 40
3 Hybrid Vision System 41
3.1 Vision Head 41
3.2 Control and Measurement System 43
4 Experimental Tests in Laboratory Conditions 44
4.1 Testing the LED Illuminator 44
4.2 Testing the Glass Composite with Subsurface Defects 45
5 Testing of the Bottle Cleaning Process in an Industrial Washer 46
6 Summary 48
References 49
Functional Performance Testing of Routing Devicesin Networks Based on IQMESH Protocol 50
1 Introduction 50
2 Research Methodology 51
3 Measuring Setup 52
4 Results 53
5 Single Router Results 53
6 Several Routers Results 56
7 Conclusion 57
References 57
Influence of the Humidity on Signal of Strengthin Laboratory Weighing Scales 59
1 Introduction 59
2 Research Methodology 60
3 Measuring Station 61
4 Results 62
4.1 Measurements for Standard Construction of Weighing Scale 63
4.2 Measurements for Modified Construction of Weighing Scale 65
5 Conclusion 67
References 68
Heating Process of the Most Important MechanicalElements in Laboratory Weighing Scales 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Research Methodology 70
3 Measuring Station 71
4 Results 73
5 Conclusion 76
References 76
Modified Monte Carlo Method for Calculating theExpanded Measurement Uncertainty 77
1 Introduction 77
2 Measurand 77
3 Modified Monte Carlo Method 79
4 Numerical Example 80
5 Practical Use of Method 81
6 Conclusion 83
References 84
Influence of Environmental Conditionson Graphene Resistance 85
1 Motivation 85
2 Environmental Chamber 86
2.1 General Idea 86
2.2 Implementation 87
3 Graphene Testing 88
3.1 Experiment Design 88
3.2 Test Results 88
4 Conclusions 90
References 91
Unconventional Double R/U Converter for Measurementof Two Quantities by a Single Differential Sensor 92
1 Introduction 92
2 Theory of Operation of the Unconventional Converter 93
3 Electrical Circuit of Unconventional Converter 94
4 Voltage-Time Characteristics in Test Points of the Converter 96
5 Conclusions 98
References 99
Automatic System for Identificationof Temperature Parameters of ResistorsBased on Self-heating Phenomena 100
1 Introduction 100
2 Resistance Measurement Methods 101
3 Test Stand 101
4 Measurement Methodology and Exemplary Test Results 104
4.1 Metallized Resistors 104
4.2 Resistors UPR 107
5 Conclusion 108
References 109
Influence of Protective Layer on the FunctionalProperties of Monolayerand Bilayer Graphene Hall-Effect Sensors 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Investigated Graphene Samples 111
3 Protective Layers 111
4 Measurement System 112
5 Experimental Results 113
5.1 Monolayer Graphene Structure 114
5.2 QFS-bilayer Graphene Structure 116
6 Conclusion 118
References 118
Temperature Dependence of Functional Propertiesof Graphene Hall-Effect Sensors Grown on Si Faceand C Face of 4H-SiC Substrate 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Measurement System 120
3 Investigated Graphene Structures 121
4 Experimental Results 123
4.1 Graphene Structure Grown on Si Face of SiC Substrate 123
4.2 Graphene Structure Grown on C Face of SiC Substrate 125
5 Conclusion 127
References 128
Temperature Influence on the Magnetic Characteristicsof Mn-Zn Ferrite Materials 129
1 Introduction 129
2 Investigated Samples 130
3 Measurement System 131
4 Experimental Results 132
5 Conclusion 135
References 135
Graphene Joule Heating Measurementsin Environmental Chamber 136
1 Introduction 136
2 Sample under Test 137
3 Environmental Chamber 137
4 Experimental Technique 138
5 Results 139
6 Conclusions 141
References 142
Surface Electromyography Amplifier with HighEnvironmental Interference Resistance 143
1 Introduction 143
2 CIE-sEMG Amplifier Design 145
3 Environmental Interference Resistance Performance 147
4 Discussion and Conclusions 149
References 150
Electromagnetic Protectionin High Precision Tri-axial Thermometric AC Bridge 152
1 Introduction 152
2 AC Equivalent Circuit of SPRT Sensor 153
3 Experimental Data of SPRT Sensor 154
4 Selecting the Structure of AC Bridge Circuit 155
5 Equipotential Protection and Its Implementation 157
6 Conclusions 161
References 161
Simple Methods to Measure the Additive Error andIntegral Nonlinearity of Precision Thermometric Bridges 162
1 Introduction 162
2 Method of Rescaled Median Deviation 164
3 Method of Measurement of the Bridge Zero Error 166
4 Reasons for Nonlinearity of AC Bridge Characteristics 167
5 Numerical Example 169
6 Double Resistance Standard for the Dichotomy Method 171
7 Experimental Verification of Both Methods 173
8 Summary 174
References 175
Study on Graphene Growth Process on Various Bronzesand Copper-Plated Steel Substrates 176
1 Introduction 176
2 Research Aim and Parameters 176
3 Planned Research Activities and Logistic Procedure 177
4 Methodology of Specimen Surface MicrogeometryMeasurements before Graphene Deposition 177
5 Graphene Layer Deposition on Silicon Bronzes 178
6 Graphene Layer Deposition on Other Bronzes 181
7 Graphene Layer Deposition on Steel Substrates Covered withCopper 183
8 Alternative Experiments 185
9 Conclusions 185
References 185
Study on Tribological Properties of Lubricating Greasewith Additive of Graphene 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Measuring Stand and Research Process 187
3 Results 189
4 Conclusion 191
References 191
Resistance of MAX 6325 Reference Voltage Source onOperating Temperature Variation 193
1 Introduction 193
2 Temperature Drift of the Reference Sources Utilizing ZenerDiodes 193
3 Test Stand 195
4 Measurement Methodology 197
5 Measurement Results 197
6 Conclusion 200
References 200
Magnetic Thermogravimetric Analysis of CuCoand CuFe Amorphous Alloys 201
1 Introduction 201
2 Test Stand 202
3 Investigated Materials 203
4 Results of Measurement 204
5 Conclusion 207
References 208
Advancement in Development of Graphene Flow Sensors 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Methodology of Measurement 210
3 Graphene Sensors Demonstrators 211
4 Transducer Flow Sensor Demonstrator 213
5 Tests of the Graphene Flow Sensors Demonstrators 216
6 Conclusion 221
References 221
Noise Assessment in Whitney Elements BasedForward Transformation for High ResolutionEddy Current Tomography 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Experimental Test Stand 223
3 Principles of Eddy Current Tomography Data Processing 224
4 Results of Calculation 225
5 Conclusions 227
References 227
A Problem of a Selection of the StabilizationTechnique of False Alarmfor Radar Target Detector 228
1 Introduction 228
2 Analysis of Selected Detection Techniques 229
2.1 Cell Averaging Techniques 229
2.2 Ordered Statistic Techniques 233
3 The Measurement Results 237
4 Summary 238
References 238
Investigation of the Functional and EnvironmentalCharacteristics of Elements with Graphene Coating 239
1 Introduction 239
2 The Preparation of the Samples for Research 240
3 Environmental Research of Graphene Covered Samples 240
4 Research of Graphene Coating after EnvironmentalExposure 242
5 Conclusions 245
References 245
Influence of Electromagnetic Pulse Disturbance onthe Functional Properties of Ultra-High ResolutionAnalog to Digital Converter 247
1 Introduction 247
2 Electronic System with Analog-to-Digital Converter ADS1281for Testing 248
2.1 PCB with ADS 1281 (ADC 31bit) 248
2.2 PCB with Microprocessor 248
2.3 Coupling Disturbances 248
2.4 Registration and Processing of Data 249
2.5 System Parameters 249
3 Impact of Electromagnetic Pulse Disturbances 250
4 Conclusions 255
References 256
Influence of Operating Conditions on the FunctionalProperties of Ultra-high Resolution Analog to DigitalConverter 257
1 Introduction 257
2 Electronic System with ADS1281 Analog-to-Digital Converter 259
3 Research of Efficiency of Ultra-high ResolutionAnalog-to-Digital Converter 260
4 Conclusions 265
References 266
Flowmeter Converter Based on Hall Effect Sensor 267
1 Introduction 267
2 Working Principle of the Investigated Single- and Multi-jet Water Meter 268
3 Hall Effect Sensor 271
4 Simulation Model 271
5 Measurements 275
6 Conclusion 277
References 278
Analysis of Response Time of Carbon Dioxide Sensorin Chemical Sensor System for Mobile Robot 279
1 Introduction 279
2 System of Chemical Sensors 280
3 Measurement Method 283
4 Results 283
5 Conclusion 286
References 286
Examples of Robust Estimation with Small Numberof Measurements 287
1 Introduction 287
2 Method of Rescaled Median Deviation 288
3 The Robust Iterative Method 289
4 Numerical Example 291
5 Summary 292
References 292
Statistical Properties of Skewness and Kurtosis of SmallSamples from Normal and Two Other Populations 294
1 Introduction 294
2 Pearson’s Skewness Coefficients of Population and Sample 295
3 Standard Deviation of the Skewness Coefficient 296
4 Kurtosis of Small Samples 297
5 MC Modeling of Skewness and Kurtosis of Small Samples 297
6 Comparison of Skewness of Samples from a Normal, Uniformand Triangular Distributions 300
7 Conclusions 301
References 301
About a Certain Way of the Membrane Kinetic EnergyTransformation into Electric Energy 303
1 Introduction 303
2 Experiment 304
2.1 Measurement Instruments 304
2.2 Stand and Measurements 305
3 Model 308
4 Summary 311
References 311
Affordable 2D Laser Scanning Devicefor Accurate Acquisition of Environment Maps 313
1 Introduction 313
2 Design of the Scanner 314
3 Accuracy Tests 316
3.1 Square Frame for Scanner Tests 316
3.2 The Scanner Test in Reference Environment 317
3.3 The Scanner Test in Hard Conditions of Low Laser Beam Incidence Angle 318
3.4 Comparison with Off-the-Shelf Compact 2D Laser Scanners 319
4 Tests in a Real Environment 320
5 Conclusion 321
References 321
Use of Automated Image Analysis in the Studyof Mechanisms of the Formation of Nitrided Layers 323
1 Characteristics of Gas Nitriding Processes 323
2 Characteristics of Methods for Processing and Analysis ofDigital Images 324
3 Model of Analysis of Manufacturing Processes of NitridedLayers Based on Automated Analysis of Digital Images 325
4 Summary 331
References 331
Measurement of Selected Parameters DescribingBiomechanical Phenomena Occurringin the Implant-Bone System 333
1 Introduction 333
2 The Studied Object 333
3 Method of the Study 334
4 Results of the Study 335
5 Analysis of the Results 336
6 Discussion 337
References 338
Rotational Speed and Transducer Frequencyas Factors Affecting Possibility to Detect Defects inAxisymmetric Elements with a Method of Eddy Currents 339
1 Introduction 339
2 State of the Art 340
3 Test Stand 341
4 Test Results 342
5 Analysis of Results 345
6 Conclusions 347
References 347
Author Index 349