Analog Circuit Design (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Analog Circuit Design: Art, Science, and Personalities 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Dedication 6
Preface 12
Contributors 14
Part One: Introduction 20
Chapter 1. Barometers and Analog Design 22
Chapter 2. Analogs Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, or Metaphors of the Continuum 24
Overlook 27
Auguries 31
Chapter 3. It's an Analog World—Or Is It? 34
Chapter 4. Is Analog Circuit Design Dead? 36
Part Two: What Is Analog Design? 40
Chapter 5. On Being the Machine 42
Chapter 6. Reflections of a Dinosaur 50
Chapter 7. Max Wien, Mr. Hewlett,and a Rainy Sunday Afternoon 62
Part Three: The Making of an Analog Engineer 76
Chapter 8. True Analog Circuit Design 78
Example 1. The Astable Multivibrator 79
Example 2. The Precision Rectifier 81
Example 3. The Transition Pulse Generator 82
Chapter 9. The Story of the P2 (The First Successful Solid-State Operational Amplifier With Picoampere Input Currents) 86
Vignettes: Additional Little Stories about the P2 92
Notes on George Philbrick's P7 Circuit 94
Comments on Bob Matter's P2 Circuit 94
Comments on Rustrak data 95
Chapter 10. Propagation of the Race (of Analog Circuit Designers) 98
Chapter 11. The Process of Analog Design 108
Design—A Process 108
The Quest 108
Not Much Known 108
Chaos 108
Getting Rid of Excess Baggage 109
Analyze Later 109
Don't Forget the Fixed Overhead 109
Forget the Window Dressing—For Now 109
Synergy! 109
Be Careful Ideas are Fragile!
Make the Proposer Explain It 110
Now Tear It Apart 110
Back to the Drawing Board 110
Let Others Contribute! 111
Change? Aaaargh! 111
If Not You, Who? 111
Eagle's View 111
Have Fun! 111
Chapter 12. Analog Design Discipline: A Tale of Three Diodes 112
Chapter 13. Should Ohm's Law Be Repealed? 118
Part Four: Intuitions and Insights 124
Chapter 14. Good Engineering and Fast Vertical Amplifiers 126
History of Fast Vertical Amplifiers 127
Good Engineering and a Counter Example 139
Chapter 15. Understanding Why Things Don't Work 142
Explanation as a Design Tool 142
Basic Tools for Understanding 144
Chapter 16. Building Blocks for the Linear IC Designer: Linear Synthesis for Monolithic Circuits 146
P-N Junctions 148
Junction Transistors 149
An Improved Junction Transistor 150
Simple Current Mirror 151
Improving the Current Mirror 152
A Simple Transconductance Model 154
Improving the Simple Current Mirror 155
Another Important Relationship 156
A Current Mirror Using a Zero Gain Amplifier 158
A Simple Differential Amplifier 163
Making a Simple Op Amp 164
Chapter 17. How to Design Analog Circuits Without a Computer or a Lot of Paper 168
My Background 169
Breaking Down a Circuit 170
Equivalent Circuits 171
Stock Parts Values 172
RC Networks 174
Stabilizing a Feedback Loop 176
Circuit Impedance 178
New Parts 179
Breadboarding 179
Testing 180
How Much To Learn 180
Settling Time Tester 180
Chapter 18. Starting to Like Electronics in Your Twenties 188
Simple Yet Powerful Circuits with Five or Fewer Transistors 189
Layout Considerations 193
Conventional Wisdom and Its Pitfalls 194
Conclusion 195
References 195
Chapter 19. Where Do Little Circuits Come From? 196
Chapter 20. The Process of Analog Design 206
Historical Background 206
The Gathering Phase 207
Chapter 21. The Art of Good Analog Circuit Design: Some Basic Problems and Possible Solutions 212
Circuit Element Problems and Possible Solutions 212
Computer Simulation 216
Design Approaches 217
Future Designs 217
Chapter 22. My Approach to Feedback Loop Design 218
My Approach to Design 219
What Is a V/l Source? 219
An Ideal V/I Source 220
Designing a V/I Source 221
Capacitive Load Compensation 223
Model to Investigate Overshoot 225
Back To The Frequency Domain 227
Range of Compensation Required 229
Phase Margin Approach to Loop Compensation 230
LTX Device Power Source (DPS) Performance 231
Summary of My Method 232
Chapter 23. The Zoo Circuit: History, Mistakes, and Some Monkeys Design a Circuit 234
References 249
Part Five: Techniques, Tips, and Applications 250
Chapter 24. Reality-Driven Analog Integrated Circuit Design 252
Section 0. What's All This Analog Stuff Anyway? 253
Section 1. Technological Peepshow 254
Section 2. Philosophical Considerations 267
Section 3. The CAD Revolution 271
Circuit Simulation 272
References 279
Chapter 25. Current-Feedback Amplifiers 280
The Conventional Op Amp 281
Gain-Bandwidth Trade-off 282
Slew-Rate Limiting 283
The Current-Feedback Amplifier 285
No Gain-Bandwidth Trade-off 287
Absence of Slew-Rate Limiting 288
Second-Order Effects 289
CF Application Considerations 291
CF Amp Integrators 292
Stray Input-Capacitance Compensation 292
Noise in CF Amp Circuits 293
References 295
Chapter 26. Analog Extensions of Digital Time and Frequency Generation 296
VCO Design 301
Loop Design 303
Systematic Noise 306
Shielding 307
Thermal Noise 307
Shot Noise 308
VCO Noise Contribution 308
Analog Search Control 309
Removing Fractional Spurs 311
Time Synthesizers 312
Lightning Empiricism 314
References 316
Chapter 27. Some Practical Aspects of SPICE Modeling for Analog Circuits 318
Some General Requirements 320
Modeling Operational Amplifiers and Comparators 323
Modeling Current Feedback Operational Amplifiers 337
References 351
Chapter 28. Design of Crystal Oscillator Circuits 352
Circuit Characteristics 352
Design Basics 353
Oscillator Circuits 358
Which Circuit Should You Use? 359
Circuit Loading Effect on Crystal Q 360
Testing and Optimizing 363
Electrical Properties of Oscillator Crystals 364
References 365
Chapter 29. A Tale of Voltage-to-Frequency Converters (Ancient History) 368
Ancient History 368
Less Ancient History 368
Vignettes—Little Stories... 374
Notes on "Markets" 376
How floesthat Kluge Work? 376
A Final Note 379
Chapter 30. Op Amps and Their Characteristics 380
Brief History 380
Block Diagram 381
Gain 381
The Comparator 382
The Follower 383
Application Principles 384
Properties of Non-Ideal Op Amps 393
Index 406
Troubleshooting Analog Circuits 409