Front Cover 1
Advances in Applied Microbiology 2
Advances in Applied Microbiology 
4 
Copyrights 
5 
Contents 6
Contributors 
8 
Sugar Catabolism in Aspergillus and Other Fungi Related to the Utilization of Plant Biomass 10
1. Introduction 11
2. Composition of Plant Biomass 11
3. Fungal Growth on Plant Biomass 14
4. Aspergillus as a Plant Biomass Degrader 14
4.1 The Genus Aspergillus 14
5. Fungal Sugar Catabolism 15
5.1 Catabolism of d-Glucose and d-Fructose through Glycolysis 15
5.2 Pentose Phosphate Pathway 18
5.3 Conversion of d-Xylose and l-Arabinose through the PCP 19
5.4 Catabolism of d-galactose 23
5.5 Catabolism of d-Mannose 26
5.6 Catabolism of l-Rhamnose 27
5.7 Catabolism of d-Galacturonic Acid 28
6. Conclusions 30
Acknowledgments 31
References 31
The Evolution of Fungicide Resistance 38
1. Introduction 39
2. Fungicide Resistance: The Evolutionary Context 40
3. Fungicide Use on Cereals in Europe 45
4. Mechanisms of Resistance to Single-Site Inhibitors 47
5. Case Histories 48
5.1 Eyespot of Cereals 48
5.1.1 Changes in Field Populations of the Cereal Eyespot Pathogens in Response to Fungicide Use 53
5.2 Septoria tritici Blotch of Wheat 56
5.2.1 Changes in CYP51 61
5.2.2 Additional Resistance Mechanisms to Azoles 63
5.2.3 SDHI Fungicides and Z. tritici 64
5.3 Powdery Mildew of Cereals, B. graminis 65
5.4 Fusarium Ear Blight 68
6. Predictability of Resistance Evolution 70
6.1 Mutagenesis and in vitro Selection 70
6.2 Fitness Costs 72
6.3 Parallel Evolution 73
6.4 Functional Constraints and Epistasis 75
7. Estimating Resistance Risk 78
8. Implications for Resistance Management 80
8.1 Resistance Diagnostics 80
8.2 Evaluating Management Strategies 81
8.3 The Impact of Genomics 83
9. Conclusions 84
Acknowledgments 85
References 85
Genetic Control of Asexual Development in Aspergillus fumigatus 102
1. Introduction 103
2. Central Regulatory Pathway of Conidiation 104
3. The Roles of the Velvet Regulators in Conidiation 106
4. FluG and FLBs Govern Upstream Activation of Conidiation 109
5. Heterotrimeric G-protein Signaling Indirectly Controls Conidiation 110
6. Light and Conidiation 112
7. Conclusions and Prospects 113
Acknowledgments 114
References 114
Escherichia coli ST131: The Quintessential Example of an International Multiresistant High-Risk Clone 118
1. Introduction 119
2. Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli 120
3. Expanded-Spectrum ß-Lactamases 122
3.1 CTX-M ß-Lactamases 123
3.2 AmpC ß-Lactamases or Cephalosporinases 125
3.3 NDM ß-Lactamases 126
4. OXA-48-like ß-Lactamases 128
5. International Multiresistant High-Risk Clones 129
6. Escherichia coli ST131 132
6.1 Initial Studies Pertaining to E. coli ST131 132
6.2 Plasmids Associated with E. coli ST131 136
6.3 Recent Developments Pertaining to ST131 138
6.3.1 Epidemiology and Clinical Issues 138
6.3.2 Population Biology 139
6.3.3 O16:H5 H41 Lineage 141
6.3.4 Virulence 142
6.3.5 ST131 and Carbapenemases 142
6.4 Does ST131 Qualify as an International Multiresistant High-Risk Clone? 143
6.4.1 Global Distribution 144
6.4.2 Association with Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms 144
6.4.3 Ability to Colonize Human Hosts 145
6.4.4 Effective Transmission among Hosts 145
6.4.5 Enhanced Pathogenicity and Fitness 146
6.4.6 Causing Severe and/or Recurrent Infections 146
7. Rapid Methods for the Detection of E. coli ST131 147
7.1 Multilocus Sequence Typing 147
7.2 Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis 148
7.3 Repetitive Sequence-Based PCR Typing 148
7.4 Polymerase Chain Reaction 149
7.5 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry 150
8. Summary 151
References 152
Colonization Factors of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 164
1. Introduction 165
2. Pilus and Pilus-Related Colonization Factors 167
2.1 General Characteristics 167
2.1.1 Morphology and Composition 167
2.1.2 Adherence Function 170
2.1.3 Nomenclature 171
2.1.4 Genetics 172
2.2 Pili Assembled by the CU Pathway 172
2.2.1 CFs of the a-FUP Clade 175
2.2.2 CFs of the .2-FUP Clade 178
2.2.3 CFs of the .3-FUP Clade 178
2.2.4 CFs of the .-FUP Clade 180
2.2.5 Structure of CFs Assembled by the CU Pathway 181
2.3 Type IV pili 185
2.3.1 CFA/III and Longus 185
2.3.2 Structure of Type IV Pili in ETEC 187
3. Nonpilus Adhesins 189
3.1 Tia 189
3.2 EtpA 190
3.3 TibA 191
4. Regulation of Pilus Expression 192
4.1 AraC family Transcriptional Regulators 192
4.2 Phase Variation 195
5. Conclusions 196
References 197
Index 208
Contents of Previous Volumes 
216