Materials and Failures in MEMS and NEMS

Dr. Atul Tiwari is a research faculty member in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Hawaii, USA. He has received Ph.D. in Polymer Materials Science along with the bestowed Chartered Chemist and Chartered Scientist status from the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. Dr. Tiwari is an active member of several professional bodies in the UK, USA, and India. Being an organic chemist and mechanical engineer his research work tends to bridge the gap between the science and engineering. Dr. Tiwari has published more than sixty peer reviewed research publications. His area of research interest includes the development of smart materials including silicones, graphene and bio-inspired biomaterials for industrial applications. Dr. Tiwari zeal to develop new materials and has generated six international patented/pending technologies that have been transferred to the industries. He is an active consultant to renowned companies and acts as associate editor of international journals. Baldev Raj is a distinguished scientist and former director of Indira Gandhi Centre of Atomic Research, India. He has pioneered the application of Non Destructive Testing (NDT) for basic research using acoustic and electromagnetic techniques in a variety of materials and components. He is currently President, International Institute of Welding, President, Indian National Academy of Engineering and President-Research PSG Institutions, Coimbatore. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Council to Prime Minister, Scientific Advisory Council to Cabinet, Nano Mission Council of India and Apex Advisory Committee, Ministry of Human Resources Development. He is Chairman, Board of Governors, IIT, Gandhinagar & NIT, Puduchery. He has authored of more than 850 publications in referred journals, 60 books and special journal volumes, more than 20 contributions to encyclopaedia and handbooks, as well as the owner of 21 patents. He has been recognized with more than 100 international and national awards.

1 Carbon as a MEMS Material 1
Amritha Rammohan and Ashutosh Sharma

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Structure and Properties of Glassy Carbon 3

1.3 Fabrication of C-MEMS Structures 4

1.4 Integration of C-MEMS Structures with Other Materials 15

1.5 Conclusion 18

2 Intelligent Model-Based Fault Diagnosis of MEMS 21
Afshin Izadian

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Model-Based Fault Diagnosis 29

2.3 Self-Tuning Estimation 49

3 MEMS Heat Exchangers 63
B. Mathew and L. Weiss

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer 67

3.3 MEMS Heat Sinks 86

3.4 MEMS Heat Pipes 92

3.6 Need for Microscale Internal Flow Passages 113

4 Application of Porous Silicon in MEMS and Sensors Technology 121
L. Sujatha, Chirasree Roy Chaudhuri and Enakshi Bhattacharya

4.1 Introduction 121

4.2 Porous Silicon in Biosensors 131

4.3 Porous Silicon for Pressure Sensors 155

4.4 Conclusion 165

5 MEMS/NEMS Switches with Silicon to Silicon (Si-to-Si) Contact Interface 173
Chengkuo Lee, Bo Woon Soon and You Qian

5.1 Introduction 173

5.2 Bi-Stable CMOS Front End Silicon Nanofin (SiNF) Switch for Non-volatile Memory Based On Van Der Waals Force 175

5.3 Vertically Actuated U-Shape Nanowire NEMS Switch 184

5.4 A Vacuum Encapsulated Si-to-Si MEMS Switch for Rugged Electronics 187

5.5 Summary 197

6 On the Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of cMUT Devices 201
J. Jayapandian, K. Prabakar, C.S. Sundar and Baldev Raj

6.1 Introduction 201

6.2 cMUT Design and Finite Element Modeling Simulation 203

6.3 cMUT Fabrication and Characterization 205

6.4 Summary and Conclusions 216

7 Inverse Problems in the MEMS/NEMS Applications 219
Yin Zhang

7.1 Introduction 219

7.2 Inverse Problems in the Micro/Nanomechanical Resonators 222

7.3 Inverse Problems in the MEMS Stiction Test 231

8 Ohmic RF-MEMS Control 239
M. Spasos and R. Nilavalan

8.1 Introduction 239

8.2 Charge Drive Control (Resistive Damping) 251

8.3 Hybrid Drive Control 255

8.4 Control Under High-Pressure Gas Damping 258

8.5 Comparison between Different Control Modes 258

9 Dynamics of MEMS Devices 263
Vamsy Godthi, K. Jayaprakash Reddy and Rudra Pratap

9.1 Introduction 263

9.2 Modeling and Simulation 266

9.3 Fabrication Methods 273

9.4 Characterization 276

9.5 Device Failures 280

10 Buckling Behaviors and Interfacial Toughness of a Micron-Scale Composite Structure with a Metal Wire on a Flexible Substrate 285
Qinghua Wang, Huimin Xie and Yanjie Li

10.1 Introduction 285

10.2 Buckling Behaviors of Constantan Wire under Electrical Loading 289

10.3 Interfacial Toughness between Constantan Wire and Polymer Substrate 305

10.4 Buckling Behaviors of Polymer Substrate Restricted by Constantan Wire 310

10.5 Conclusions 321

11 Microcantilever-Based Nano-Electro-Mechanical Sensor Systems: Characterization, Instrumentation, and Applications 325
Sheetal Patil and V. Ramgopal Rao

11.1 Introduction 325

11.2 Operation Principle and Fundamental Models 327

11.3 Microcantilever Sensor Fabrication 330

11.4 Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of Microcantilevers 335

11.5 Readout Principles 339

11.6 Application of Microcantilever Sensors 344

11.7 Energy Harvesting for Sensor Networks 349

11.8 Conclusion 351

12 CMOS MEMS Integration 361
Thejas and Navakanta Bhat

12.1 Introduction 361

12.2 State-of-the-Art inertial Sensor 362

12.3 Capacitance Sensing Techniques 366

12.4 Capacitance Sensing Architectures 367

12.5 Continuous Time Voltage Sensing Circuit 368

12.6 CMOS ASIC Design 371

12.7 Test Results of CMOS–MEMS Integration 377

12.8 Electrical Reliability Issues 378

13 Solving Quality and Reliability Optimization Problems for MEMS with Degradation Data 381
Yash Lundia, Kunal Jain, Mamanduru Vamsee Krishna, Manoj Kumar Tiwari and Baldev Raj

13.1 Introduction 382

13.2 Notations and Assumptions 384

13.3 Reliability Model 385

13.4 Numerical Example 395

13.5 Conclusions 397

References 397