Power Systems and Power Plant Control 1989 (eBook)

Front Cover 
1 
Power Systems and Power Plant Control 1989 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
PREFACE 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9
PART 1: INVITED PAPERS 18
CHAPTER 1. REACTIVE POWER AND SYSTEM OPERATION-INCIPIENT RISK OF GENERATOR CONSTRAINTS AND VOLTAGE COLLAPSE 18
INTRODUCTION 18
1. Analysis of a simple alternative current circuit 19
2. Generalisation of the simplified theory - practical results and consequences 25
3. Final considerations 27
CHAPTER 2. RECENT PROGRESS IN PRACTICE, DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (AN ASPECT TOWARD POWER SYSTEMS AND POWER PLANT CONTROL) 28
INTRODUCTION 28
TOWARD NEW SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PARADIGMS 28
RECENT SOFTWARE DESIGN TECHNIQUES 29
SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTION 29
PROCESS PROGRAMMING AND CASE 30
APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS 31
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 31
REFERENCES 32
CHAPTER 3. EXPERT SYSTEMS IN ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 36
INTRODUCTION 36
WHATIS AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM? 36
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS 36
WHY HAVE A COMPUTERER? 37
COMPUTER DEPENDENCY 38
HOW CAN WE MAKE THE EMS EASIER TO USE? 38
TIlE USE OF EXPERT SYSTEMS IN AN EMS 39
CONTROL AND SEQUENCING LOGIC 39
REAL TIME SCADA APPUCATIONS 39
LARGE APPUCATION PROGRAMS 40
HOW FAR SHOULD EXPERT SYSTEMS GO? 41
REFERENCES 41
CHAPTER 4. EVOLUTION OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 42
1.0 ABSTRACT 42
2.0 HISTORY OF EMS TO DATE 42
3.0 EMS TECHNOLOGYTODAY 44
4.0 EMERGING EMS TECHNOLOGIES 45
5.0 FUTURE EMS TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 45
6.0 DEALING WITH DE REGULATION AND A COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT 47
7.0 FUTURE OF THE EMS INDUSTRY 47
8.0 CONCLUSIONS 47
PART 2: SECURITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 48
CHAPTER 5. SENSITIVITY AND PARTIAL RE-FACTORIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR SIMULATING OUTAGES OF TRANSMISSION LINES 48
INTRODUCTION 48
THE SENSITIVITY TECHNIQUE 48
THE PARTIAL RE-FACTORIZATION TECHNIQUE 50
COMPARISON OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND REFACIORIZATION TECHNIQUES 51
CONCLUSION 52
REFERENCES 52
CHAPTER 6. CRITICAL REVIEW OF BRANCH CONTINGENCY SELECTION METHODS 54
INTRODUCTION 54
SEVERITY INDICES 54
CLASSIFICATION OF BRANCH CONTINGENCY SELECTION METHODS 55
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS 56
SPARSITY TECHNIQUES 57
CONCLUSION 58
REFERENCES 58
PART 3: NORMAL AND EMERGENCY GENERATION CONTROL 60
CHAPTER 7. A PRACTICAL DECENTRALIZED LFC SYSTEM WITH GENERATION RATE LIMIT 60
INTRODUCTION 60
DESIGN OF TIlE OPTIMAL CONTROL SYSTEM 61
DECENTRALIZED SUBOPTIMAL CONTROL SYSTEM 61
INTRODUCTION OF GENERATION RATE CONSTRAINT (GRC) 61
OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROL BY PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION 62
SIMULATION RFSULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 62
CONCLUDING REMARKS 64
REFERENCES 64
APPENDIX 65
CHAPTER 8. ROBUST LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL 66
INTRODUCTION 66
CONTROLLED OBJECT 66
CONTROL SYSTEM 67
FUNDAMENTAL CONTROLLER 68
ROBUST COMPENSATOR 69
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 70
CONCLUSION 71
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 71
REFERENCES 71
CHAPTER 9. CONTROL OF FHYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ON THE RIVER GUADALUPE 72
INTRODUCTION 72
HYDRO-CHAIN CONTROL OF GUADALUPE 73
STRUCTURE OF THE CASCADE CONTROLLER 74
DESIGN BASED ON MODERN CONTROL THEORY 75
OPERATING EXPERIENCE 76
CONCLUSION 76
REFERENCES 76
CHAPTER 10. SECURITY CONTROL OF SMALL LONGITUDINAL SYSTEMS 78
INTRODUCTION 78
PROBLEMS OF SECURITY 78
EFFECTS OF SIZE AND SHAPE 78
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF SECURITY CONTROL IN EGAT 79
VOLTAGE STABILITY PROBLEM 81
CONCLUSION 82
REFERENCES 82
CHAPTER 11. EVALUATING CLOSED LOOP FAST VALVING PERFORMANCE IN POWER PLANTS 84
INTRODUCTION 84
CLOSED LOOP FAST VALVING DESIGN CRITERIA 85
AN EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 86
CONCLUSIONS 89
REFERENCES 89
PART 4: REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE SCHEDULING 90
CHAPTER 12. OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER PLANNING, PART I-LOAD LEVEL DECOMPOSITION 90
INTRODUCTION 90
INVESTMENT PLANNING OFTHE OPTIMAL REACTIVE PLANNING 91
DECOMPOSITION ALGORITHM 92
COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM 94
NUMERICAL RESULTS 94
CONCLUSIONS 95
REFERENCES 95
CHAPTER 13. A GLOBAL APPROACH FOR VAR/VOLTAGE MANAGEMENT 98
INTRODUCTION 98
VAR/VOLTAGE OPTIMISATION AND POTENTIAL ACCIDENT ANALYSIS 99
SECURITY FUNCTIONS FROM VAR/VOLTAGE VIEWPOINT 100
SOFTWARE SYSTEM 101
COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIENCE 102
CONCLUSIONS 103
REFERENCES 103
PART 5: NETWORK MODELING AND ANALYSIS 104
CHAPTER 14. NETWORK PARTITION IN POWER SYSTEMS 104
1. INTRODUCTION 104
2. THE PLACEMENT PROBLEM 104
3. THE PARTITION PROBLEM 105
4. THE IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM 107
5. GENERAL ALGORITHM 107
6. RESULTS 107
7. CONCLUSIONS 109
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 109
REFERENCES 109
CHAPTER 15. FAST INITIAL ESTIMATION OF POWER SYSTEM EIGENVALVES 110
1. INTRODUCTION 110
2.REVIEW OF THE AESOPS (Byerly, 1982) 111
3. REVIEW OF THE EEAC (Xue et aI, 1988a,b,c and 1989) 111
4. THE INITIAL ESTIMATION OF EIGENVALUES BASED ON THE PCOA EQUIVALENCE 112
5. SIMULATIONS 113
6. FURTHER RESEARCH 114
7. CONCLUSIONS 114
8. REFERENCES 114
CHAPTER 16. DECENTRALIZED COMPUTATION OF EIGEN VALUE FOR LARGE POWER SYSTEM 116
INTRODUCTION 116
THE NEW EIGENVALUE TECHNIQUE 116
DECENTRALIZED COMPUTATION METHOD BY USING DECOMPOSED TECHNIQUE 119
APPLIED DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LARGE POWER SYSTEM 120
CONCLUSION 121
REFERENCES 121
CHAPTER 17. 
122 
INTRODUCTION 122
ZABORSZKY'S CLUSTERING APROACH 122
THE AREA CLUSTERING APPROACH 123
CONCLUSIONS 125
REFERENCES 125
APPENDICES 125
PART 6: REAL POWER DISPATCH AND UNIT COMMITMENT 128
CHAPTER 18. SECURITY CONSTRAINED DISPATCH WITH POST-CONTINGENCY CORRECTIVE RESCHEDULING USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING 128
1. INTRODUCTION 128
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION 129
3. CONSTRAINTS RELAXATION 129
4. OUTAGE SIMULATION 130
5. COMPUTATIONAL EXAMPLES 131
6. CONCLUSION 132
7. REFERENCES 132
CHAPTER 19. DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL POWER FLOW AND APPLICATION TO DYNAMIC ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH 134
INTRODUCTION 134
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW 134
NEWTON OPF 135
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS 136
IMPROVEMENT OF CONVERGENCE OF DECOUPLED NEWTON OPF 136
APPLICATION OF OPF TO DYNAMIC ELD 136
CONCLUSION 138
REFERENCE 139
CHAPTER 20. LAGRANGIAN RELAXATION METHOD FOR LONG-TERM UNIT COMMITMENT 140
INTRODUCTION 140
SOLUTION PROCEDURE 142
DUAL MAXIMIZATION 143
COMMITMENT MODIFICATION 143
CONCLUSIONS 144
REFERENCES 144
PART 7: NETWORK POWER FLOWS 146
CHAPTER 21. MULTIMETHOD OPTIMAL POWER FLOWS AT ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 146
INlRODUCTION 146
1. OPFENLARGEDSTATEMENT 146
2. STARTING POINT: ORIGINAL DIFFERENTIAL INJECTIONS METHOD 147
3. MULTIMETHOD OPF BASIC CONCEPTS 148
4. USE OF CRIC 148
5. USE OF ORG THEN QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING FOR THE ACITVE REDUCED MODEL 148
6. IMPLICIT REACTIVE HESSIAN TECHNIQUE 149
7. COMPUTATION OF REACITVE CONSTRAINT SENSITIVITIES DURING OPTIMIZATION 150
8. SPARSE REDUCED GRADIENT FOR INITIAL VOLTAGE MAGNITUDES 150
9. OVERALL MULTIMElHOD OPF ALGORITHM 150
10. NUMERICAL RESULTS 151
11. FURTIIER DEVELOPMENTS 151
CONCLUSION 151
REFERENCES 151
CHAPTER 22. AN EFFICIENT NLP ALGORITHM OF SQP TYPE SUITABLE TO OPF COMPUTATION OF CONTROLLING SUB-SPACE TYPE 152
INTRODUCTION 152
WHP ALGOR ITHM 152
PRINCIPLE AND DESIGN OF SDQP 153
NUMERICAL TEST AND CONCLUSION 156
REFERENCES 157
CHAPTER 23. OPTIMAL POWER FLOW EXPERIENCE IN AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 158
INTRODUCTION 158
CONTROL PROBLEM 158
DISPATCHER INTERFACE 159
CONTROL : OPEN VS CLOSED LOOP 159
RESULTS 160
SUMMARY 162
REFERENCES 162
PART 8: SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND STABILITY ANALYSIS 164
CHAPTER 24. DETERMINATION OF INTERFACE FLOW STABILITY LIMITS BY SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT ENERGY MARGIN 164
1 INTRODUCTION 164
2 THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL 164
3 THEORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 165
4 RESULTS 167
5 CONCLUSION 169
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 169
References 169
CHAPTER 25. A CONTROL STRATEGY FOR THE AC/DC POWER SYSTEM UNDER LARGE DISTURBANCES 170
INTRODUCTION 170
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE SYSTEM 170
THB TIME-OPTIMAL (BANG-BANG) CONTROL 171
SWITCH CURVES IN STATE PLANE 171
DOUBLE-LOOP FEEDBACK CONTROL STRATEGY 172
THE IMPROVBMBNT ON DC CONTROL SYSTBM 173
DIGITAL SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 173
CONCLUSIONS 173
REFERENCE 174
CHAPTER 26. EFFECTS OF LOAD CHARACTERISTICS ON THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF KEPCO'S SYSTEM 176
INTRODUCTION 176
LOAD REPRESENTATION 176
DIFFICULTIES IN APPLYING THE NEW LOAD MODEL TO THE KEPCO SYSTEM 178
EFFECT OF LOAD CHARACTERISTICS 179
CONCLUSION 181
REFERENCES 181
CHAPTER 27. A NEW APPROACH TO MID- AND LONG-TERM POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 182
INTRODUCTION 182
COMPUTATION REDUCTION ALGORITHM USING VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY MATRIX 183
MID and LONG-TERM MODEL of THE POWER SYSTEM 185
CASE STUDY and EVALUATION 186
CONCLUSION 186
REFERENCES 186
CHAPTER 28. FEATURE EXTRACTION OF LINE FLOW FLUCTUATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO DYNAMIC SECURITY DIAGNOSIS 188
INTRODUCTION 188
SURVEYED POWER SYSTEM AND ITS DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 189
FEATURE EXTRACTION OF LINE FLOW FLUCTUATION 189
APPLICATION OF PROPOSED FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE TO DYNAMIC SECURITY DIAGNOSIS 192
CONCLUSION 193
REFERENCES 193
CHAPTER 29. ELECTROMECHANICAL DISTANCES FOR IDENTIFYING CONTINGENCY PROPAGATION IN TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDIES 194
1 INTRODUCTION 194
2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 194
3 INVESTIGATIONS 197
4 CONCLUSION 199
5 REFERENCES 199
CHAPTER 30. A NEW COHERENCE APPROACH OF GENERATORS FOR INVESTIGATION OF SLOW AND SYSTEM WIDE OSCILLATIONS IN LARGE POWER SYSTEMS 200
1. Introduction 200
2. Simplified structure preserving model of a power system 201
3. Validation of the model (MK) 202
Conclusions 203
AcknowledgelDent 203
4. References 203
CHAPTER 31. A CONTROL MEASURE FOR PREVENTING AUTO-PARAMETRIC RESONANCE IN POWER SYSTEMS 206
INTRODUCTION 206
EXAMINATION OF CONTROL SCHEME 206
CONSTRUCTION OF CONTROL SCHEME 208
EFFECTIVENESS OF PROPOSED CONTROL SCHEME 209
CONCLUSION 210
REFERENCE 210
APPENDIX 210
PART 9: RELIABILITY AND PRODUCTION COSTING 212
CHAPTER 32. FUZZY OPTIMIZATION FOR ECONOMY-SECURITY COORDINATION IN POWER SYSTEM PLANNING 212
INTRODUCTION 212
POWER SYSTEM PLANNING USING ECONOMY AND SUPPLY RELIABILITY AS EVALUATION CRITERIA 213
COORDINATION OF ECONOMY AND RELIABILITY ON THE BASIS OF MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS 214
APPLICATION RESULT FOR TEST SYSTEM 216
CONCLUSION 216
REFERENCES 216
CHAPTER 33. EXPECTED POWER SYSTEM PRODUCTIONCOSTS USING LARGE DEVIATION ANDMIXTURE OF NORMALS APPROXIMATIONS 218
INTRODUCTION 218
FORMULATION 218
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 219
CONCLUSION 220
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 220
REFERENCES 222
CHAPTER 34. PROBABILISTIC PRODUCTION COSTING SIMULATION MODEL BASED ON THE REAL ECONOMIC DISPATCH 224
INTRODUCTION 224
PROBABILISTIC OPTIMAL PRODUCTION COST 226
ECONOMIC DISPATCH 226
SAMPLE STUDY 226
CONCLUSION 227
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 227
REFERENCES 227
PART 10: MODELING AND CONTROL OF POWER PLANTS 230
CHAPTER 35. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN AUTOMATION OF FLUIDIZED BED BOILERS 230
INTRODUCTION 230
IMPROVEMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF COMBUSTION CONDITIONS 230
A DYNAMIC PROCESS MODEL 232
CONTROL 233
CONCLUSION 235
REFERENCES 235
APPENDIX 235
CHAPTER 36. ON THE MULTIVARIABLE ROBUST CONTROL OF A BOILER-TURBINE SYSTEM 236
INTRODUCTION 236
LINEARIZED MODEL AND MODELING ERRORS 236
BOILER-TURBINE CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 237
SIMULATION RESULTS 239
CONCLUSIONS 240
REFERENCES 240
CHAPTER 37. A HIERARCHICAL EXPERT SYSTEM FOR FAILURE DIAGNOSIS IN POWER PLANTS 242
INTRODUCTION 242
MODEL-BASED DIAGNOSIS 243
HIERARCHICAL, MODULAR SYSTEM 243
MILLING AND BURNING OF COAL 243
REAL-TIME APPLICATION 245
CONCLUSION 247
REFERENCES 247
CHAPTER 38. VARIABLE STRUCTURE CONTROL OF WATER TURBINE GOVERNING SYSTEM 248
INTRODUCTION 248
SYSTEM MODEL 248
VARIABLE STRUCTURE CONTROL 249
THE HYPERPLANE DESIGN USING USD TEST 249
SIMULATION RESULTS 250
CONCLUSIONS 251
REFERENCES 251
APPENDIX: NONLINEAR SIMPLEX METHOD 251
PART 11: GENERATION AND INTEGRATED EXPANSION PLANNING 254
CHAPTER 39. FUZZY DECISION-MAKING ON ELECTRIC ENERGY STRATEGY FOR LONG-TERM GENERATION EXPANSION PLANNING 254
INTRODUCTION 254
DECISION PROCEDURE OF FLP PROBLEM 255
DEFINITION OF FUZZY EQUALITY 256
OUTLINE OF THE LONG-TERM GENERATION MIX PLANNING PROBLEM 256
FORMULATION OF THE PLANNING PROBLEM 257
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 257
CONCLUSION 258
REFERENCES 258
CHAPTER 40. POWER SYSTEM AND COGENERATION: AN OPTIMAL EXPANSION PLANNING 260
INTRODUCTION 260
THE MODEL 260
CASE STUDY 263
CONCLUSION 264
REFERENCES 264
CHAPTER 41. RELIABILITY EVALUATION OF GENERATION SYSTEMS INCLUDING ENERGY LIMITED UNITS—A CLUSTER BASED APPROACH 266
INTRODUCTION 266
CLUSTER BASED LOAD MODEL 267
THE METHOD 267
SYSTEM STUDIES 269
CONCLUSION 270
REFERENCES 271
CHAPTER 42. POWER SYSTEM MODELLING AND SIMULATION FOR INTEGRATED SYSTEM EXPANSION PLANNING 272
INTRODUCTION 272
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS 272
LOGIC OF OVERVIEW PLANNING 273
SIMULATION/SUBOPTIMIZATION 274
CONCLUSION 277
REFERENCES 277
CHAPTER 43 AN ADVANCED INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY SUPPLY PLANNING 278
INTRODUCTION 278
ROLE OF ENERGY SUPPLY PLANNING 278
PROBLEMS WITH ENERGY SUPPLY PLANNING STUDIES 279
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND POLICIES 279
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM DESIGN 280
FEATUHES 281
EFFECTIVENESS 282
OBTAINED DATA 282
CONCLUSSION 283
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 283
REFERENCE 283
PART 12: EMS CONTROL CENTERS 284
CHAPTER 44. NEW COMPUTER CONFIGURATION ANDMAJOR SOFTWARE REDESIGN FOR ONTARIOHYDRO'S ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 284
INlRODUCTION 284
OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 284
RELIABILITY/AVAILABILITY 285
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT 285
FAILOVER/RECOVERY 287
INTEGRATED SYSTEM CONSOLE(ISC) 287
ALARM MANAGEMENT SOFIWARE 288
MAN MACHINE SUBSYSTEM (MMS) 288
CONCLUSION 289
REFERENCE 289
CHAPTER 45. THE PACIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OVERVIEW—UNIQUE FEATURES
INTRODUCTION 290
BASE APPLICATION SOFTWARE 290
NETWORK ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE 291
DISPATCHER TRAINING SIMULATOR 293
SUMMARY 294
REFERENCES 294
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 294
CHAPTER 46. THE SCADA/EMS SYSTEM OF THE ITAIPU HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANT 296
INTRODUCTION 296
SYSTEM FUNCTION 297
SCADA SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 297
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 297
SYSTEM TESTS AND ACCEPTANCE 300
PROJECT MANGEMENT 300
CLOSING REMARKS 300
REFERENCES 300
CHAPTER 47. IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED POWER APPLICATION SOFTWARE TO KEPCO'S ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 302
INTRODUCTION 302
AN OVERVIEW OF THE PAS 303
RTNA SEQUENCE 304
SNA SEQUENCE 305
DPF (DISPATCHER POWER FLOW) 306
FIELD EXPERIENCE 306
CONCLUSION 306
REFERENCES 306
PART 13: POWER SYSTEM STABILIZERS 308
CHAPTER 48. A ROBUST SELF-TUNING POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER 308
INTRODUCTION 308
A ROBUST SELF-TUNING STABILIZER 309
SIMULATION RESULTS 310
CONCLUSION 311
REFERENCES 311
CHAPTER 49. NEW ANALYSIS AND TUNING OF STABILIZERS IN MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEMS 312
1. Introduction 312
2. Design Procedure 312
3. Selection of Feedback Structure 314
4. Approximation of LQ design 315
5. Conclusions 316
Acknowledgements 316
References 317
CHAPTER 50. OPTIMAL PSS-PARAMETER SELECTION ALGORITHM WITH NEW PERFORMANCE MEASURE 318
INTRODUCTION 318
DEFINITION OF A NEW PERFORMANCE MEASURE 318
THE GRADIENT OF THE PERFORMANCE WITH RESPECT TO PARAMETERS 319
CASE STUDY 320
CONCLUSION 322
APPENDIX 323
REFERENCES 323
CHAPTER 51. OPTIMAL SELECTION OF THE PARAMETERS OF POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER 324
INTRODUCTION 324
POWER SYSTEM MODEL 324
OPTIMAL PARAMETER SELECTION ALGORITHM 325
CASE STUDY 327
CONCLUSION 329
References 329
CHAPTER 52. APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL SCHEME FOR STABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF A POWER SYSTEM 330
INTRODUCTION 330
REVIEW OF FUZZY CONTROL SCHEME OF (HIMAMA AND NAKANO, 1988) 330
PROPOSED FUZZY CONTROL SCHEME 331
APPLICATION OF PROPOSED FUZZY COTROL SCHEME 331
CONCLUSION 333
REFERENCES 333
CHAPTER 53. TRANSIENT STABILIZATION OF MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEMS BY VARIABLE STRUCTURE SYSTEM CONTROL 334
INTRODUCTION 334
DYNAMIC EQUATIONS OF POWER SYSTEMS 335
DESIGN OF VARIABLE STRUCTURE CONTROL 335
ROBUST VARIABLE STRUCTURE CONTROL 336
SIMULATING STUDY 336
CONCLUSION 337
REFERENCE 337
PART 14: SYSTEM PROTECTION AND DIGITAL RELAYS 338
CHAPTER 54. DIGITAL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION USING A CORRELATION METHOD 338
INTRODUCTION 338
PRINCIPLE OF THE CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 338
FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY FILTERING 339
SIMULATlON 341
CONCLUSION 343
REFERENCES 343
APPENDIX 343
CHAPTER 55. DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL PCM CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL RELAY WITH 64 kbits/sec. CO-DIRECTIONAL INTERFACE 344
1. INTRODUCTION 344
2. AUTOMATIC SAMPLING SYNCHRONIZATION 344
3. DUPLICATE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS 345
4. CONSTRUCTION OF THE DIGITAL CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 346
5. TEST RESULT 346
CONCLUSION 347
REFERENCE 347
CHAPTER 56. DETECTION OF HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULTSUSING THE RANDOMNESS OF EVENHARMONIC CURRENTS 350
INTRODUCTION 350
CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCING FAULT CURRENTS 351
EVEN ORDER HARMONICS METHODS 351
FIELD TESTS 352
ANALYSIS OF FIELD TEST DATA 353
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 355
CONCLUSIONS 355
REFERENCES 355
CHAPTER 57. AN ALGORITHM FOR FAULT-DISTANCE IDENTIFICATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE COMPUTER RELAYING: THEORY AND SIMULATION RESULTS 356
DERIVATION OF THE ALGORITHM 356
TESTING OF THE ALGORITHM 357
COMPARISON WITH OTHER ALGORITHMS 359
FREQUENCY RESPONSE 359
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 360
REFERENCES 360
LIST OF SYMBOLS 361
CHAPTER 58. A STUDY ON THE DIGITAL DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEME USING KALMAN FILTER 362
1. Introduction 362
2. Recursive forms of Kalman filter 363
3. Estimation of the fundamental frequency components 363
4. Extraction of the symmetrical components 364
5. Digital distance relaying scheme 364
6. Simulation 365
7. CONCLUSION 367
References 367
CHAPTER 59. A TECHNIQUE FOR DIGITAL RELAYS TO MEASURE FREQUENCY AND ITS RATE OF CHANGE 368
INTRODUCTION 368
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALGORITHM 368
TESTING THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM 370
CONCLUSIONS 371
REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 60. DERIVATION OF CORRECT RELAYING SIGNALS DURING INTERSYSTEM FAULTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINES 374
INTRODUCTION 374
STUDY SYSTEM AND FAULT CONDITIONS 374
ZERO-SEQUENCE CURRENT COMPENSATION AND IMPEDANCE CALCULATION 375
PHASE R1 TO EARTH FAULT 375
PHASE R1 TO PHASE R2 TO EARTH FAULT 377
PHASE S1 TO PHASE T2 FAULT 378
PHASE S1 TO PHASE T2 TO EARTH FAULT 379
CONCLUSION 380
APPENDIX 1 380
REFERENCES 380
PART 15: STATE ESTIMATION 382
CHAPTER 61. POWER SYSTEM STATE ESTIMATION INCLUDING INTERCONNECTED AC/DC SYSTEMS 382
INTRODUCTION 382
MATIIEMATICAL MODEL FOR STATE ESTIMAnON 382
STATE ESTIMATION OF THE AC POWER SYSTEM 383
STATE ESTIMAnON OF THE DC POWER SYSTM 383
STATE ESTIM:ATION OF THE INTERCONNECTED AC/DC SYSTEM 383
STATE ESTIM:ATION OF THE AC POWER SYSTEM BY SYSTEM DECOMPOSmON 384
SIMULATION AND RESULTS 384
CONCLUSIONS 386
REFERENCES 386
APPENDICES 386
CHAPTER 62. AN EFFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING THE WEIGHTED LEAST ABSOLUTE VALUE ESTIMATE IN POWER SYSTEM STATIC STATE ESTIMATION 388
INTRODUCTION 388
PRELIMINARY REMARKS 389
THE BCS ALGORITHM 389
COMPUTATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 390
IEEE 30 BUS NETWORK 391
CONCLUSION 391
REFERENCES 392
PART 16: VOLTAGE STABILITY 394
CHAPTER 63. A STRUCTURAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE COLLAPSE ON POWER SYSTEMS 394
INTRODUCTION 394
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT 395
STRUCTURAL WEAKNESS 398
REFERENCES 399
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 399
CHAPTER 64. POSSIBILITY OF JUMP PHENOMENA FROM OPERABLE LOAD FLOW SOLUTION TO NONOPERABLE SOLUTION BY THE IMPACT OF SWITCHING-IN OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS 400
1. INTRODUCTION 400
2. JUMP PHENOMENON IN TWO-BUS SYSTEM 401
3. JUMP PHENOMENON IN MULTI-BUS SYSTEM 403
4. DYNAMIC SIMULATION BY ANALOGUE SIMULATOR 404
5. CONCLUSION 405
References 405
CHAPTER 65. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT SECURITY OF POWER SYSTEMS WITH RESPECT TO REACTIVE ASPECTS 406
1. INTRODUCTION 406
2. THE EXTENDED EQUAL AREA CRITERION (EEAC) 406
3. SENSITIVITY W.R.T. E 408
4. SENSITIVITY W.R.T OTHER REACTIVE ASPECTS 408
5. SIMULATION 409
6. CONCLUSION 410
7. REFERENCES 410
CHAPTER 66. SECURITY BASED ECONOMIC OPERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM 412
INTRODUCTION 412
ECONOMIC OPERATION 412
VOLTAGE SECURITY ASSESSMENT 414
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 415
CONCLUSION 417
REFERENCE 417
PART 17: ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND EQIJIPMENT 418
CHAPTER 67. MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF HIGH FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTED TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS 418
INTRODUCTION 418
PROBLEM DEFINITION 418
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TRANSFORMER MODEL 419
MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFORMER PARAMETER ESTIMATION 420
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 421
FREQUENCY DOMAIN ESTIMATION 421
TIME DOMAIN ESTIMATION 421
CONCLUSION 422
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 422
REFERENCES 422
APPENDIX I 422
CHAPTER 68. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONS ON CIRCUIT BREAKERTRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGES 424
INTRODUCTION 424
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 425
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 425
RESULTS 426
CONCLUSION 427
REFERENCES 427
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 427
CHAPTER 69. THE COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING TRANSIENTS INVOLVING ARC MODEL 428
INTRODUCTION 428
MATHEMATICAL ARC MODEL FOR SWITCHING SURGE ANALYSIS 428
THE MODIFIED DOMMEL METHOD 429
DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEM 429
SOLUTION TO SYSTEM EQUATIONS WITH DYNAMIC ARC 429
COMPUTER RESULTS 430
CONCLUSION 431
REFERENCES 431
APPENDIX A 431
CHAPTER 70. A STUDY ON HARMONIC ELIMINATION METHOD OF PWM INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR SYSTEM USING WALSH SERIES 434
1. INTRODUCTION 434
2. PROPOSED SCHEME WITH A VIEW TO ELIMINATING HARMONICS IN PWM VOLTAGE SOURCR INVERTER USING WALSH FUNCTION 434
3. DETERMINATION OF SWITCHING ANGLE OF PWM VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER 436
4. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 438
5. CONCLUSIONS 439
APPENDIX 439
NOMENCLATURE 440
REFERENCES 440
CHAPTER 71. OPTIMAL PWM METHODS FORACTIVE POWER FILTERS 442
INTRODUCTION 442
BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF ACTIVE POWER FILTERS 442
OPTIMAL PWM METHOD FOR CURRENT SOURCE TYPE ACTIVE POWER FILTERS 443
OPTIMAL PWM METHOD FOR VOLTAGE SOURCE TYPE ACTIVE POWER FILTERS 445
CONCLUSION 447
REFERENCES 447
PART 18: CONTROL CENTER MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE 448
CHAPTER 72. A DESIGN TOOL FOR DISTRIBUTEDMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE OF REAL-TIMEPOWER SYSTEMS ANDPOWER PLANT SIMULATORS 448
INTRODUCTION 448
MAIN FEATURES 448
CONCLUSION 451
REFERENCES 452
CHAPTER 73. RULE-BASED APPROACH FOR AN AUTOMATIC DESIGN OF SUBSTATION DIAGRAMS FROM A GDL-NETWORK DESCRIPTION 454
INTRODUCTION 454
TYPE OF DATA BASE USED 454
SUBSTATION EXAMPLE 455
GRAPHIC DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 458
AUTOMATIC DIAGRAM PREPARATION 458
PROGRAM 459
REFERENCES 459
PART 19: DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONTROL 460
CHAPTER 74. NEW RECONFIGURATION ALGORITHM FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM—PRIORITY CONSTRAINED EMERGENCY SERVICE RESTORATION 460
INTRODUCTION 460
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM 460
SOLUTION ALGORITHM 461
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 464
CONCLUSION 465
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 465
REFERENCES 465
APPENDIX 465
CHAPTER 75. AN INTEGRATED NETWORK INFORMATION AND SCADA SYSTEM FOR THE CONTROL OF PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS 466
INTRODUCTION 466
THE INTEGRATED SYSTEM 466
APPLICATIONS TO FEEDER CONTROL 468
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM 470
CONCLUSION 470
REFERENCES 471
PART 20: LOAD FORECASTING AND MAINTENANCE SCHEDULING 472
CHAPTER 76. SHORT-TERM FEEDER LOAD FORECASTING: AN EXPERT SYSTEM USING FUZZY LOGIC 472
INTRODUCTION 472
AN OVERVIEW OF LOAD FORECASTING METHODS 472
FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH 473
SOFTWARE DESIGN 474
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 475
CONCLUSIONS 477
ACKOWLEDGEMENT 477
REFERENCES 477
CHAPTER 77. AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR SHORT TERM LOAD FORECASTING BY FUZZY DECISION 478
INTRODUCTION 478
CLASSIFICATION OF LOAD PATTERNS 478
ESTIMATION FOR ORDINARY DAYS 479
ESTIMATION FOR SPECIAL DAYS 479
RESULTS 483
CONCLUSION 483
REFERENCES 483
PART 21: TRANSMISSION EXPANSION PLANNING 484
CHAPTER 78. A SENSITIVITY ALGORITHM FOR THE LONG-TERM TRANSMISSION PLANNING FORMULATED WITH TWO-STEP OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE 484
1. Introduction 484
2. Problem formulation of LTTP 484
3. Sensitivity algorithm 486
4. Case study 487
5. Conclusion 489
6. References 489
CHAPTER 79. ACTOR: A NEW TOOL TO EVALUATE THE ANNUAL ECONOMIC SAVINGS PROVIDED BY A REINFORCEMENT OF A SUBTRANSMISSION NETWORK 490
INTRODUCTION 490
WHY A NEW TOOL? 490
THE SUBTRANSMISSION NETWORK EXPANSION PLANNING PROBLEM SEEN BY THE PLANNER 491
A REVIEW OF MAIN AVAILABLE DATAS 491
MODELING 493
MAIN RESULTS 493
EXAMPLES OF UTILIZATION 493
CONCLUSION 494
REFERENCES 494
PART 22: EXPERT SYSTEM APPLICATIONS 496
CHAPTER 80. NETWORK RESTORATION EXPERT SYSTEM 496
INTRODUCTION 496
KNOWLEDGE BASE 496
INFERENCE AND EXPLANATION CCMFDNENTS 497
STAND ALONE EXPERT SYSTEM 497
DATABASE COUPLING 498
RESTORATION TRAINING SIMULATOR 498
CONCLUSION 499
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN 499
REFERENCES 499
CHAPTER 81. AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN 500
INTRODUCTION 500
GEOGRAPHIC MAP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 500
EXPERT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 501
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 504
CUSTOMER APPLICATION DATA 504
CANDIDATE lRANSFORMER DATA 504
CANDIDATE POLE DATA 505
CONCLUSIONS 505
REFERENCES 505
CHAPTER 82. AN EXPERT SYSTEM USED IN POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION 506
INTRODUCTION 506
INFERENCE ENGINE 507
KNOWLEDGE BASE 507
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 509
EXPLANATION CAPABILITY 509
OUTLINE OF THE SYSTEM 509
SYSTEM OPERATION 509
DESIGN EXAMPLE 510
CONCLUSION 510
REFERENCES 510
CHAPTER 83. PROSET: AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR PROTECTIVE RELAY SETTING 512
INTRODUCTION 512
FRAME-BASED EXPERT SYSTEM 512
AN ENHANCED SYSTEM : PROSET 513
CONCLUSIONS 515
REFERENCES 516
PART 23: VOLTAGE REGULATION AND CONTROL 518
CHAPTER 84. A STUDY ON THE OPTIMAL OPERATION METHOD OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR AT DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION 518
INTRODUCTION 518
OPTIMAL OPERATION METHOD OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR 518
APPLICATION AND COMPARISON 521
REFERENCES 522
CHAPTER 85. THE 77kV 40MVA MULTI-FUNCTION SVC (STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR) INSTALLED IN SUBSTATIONS 524
INTRODUCTION 524
CONFIGURATION OF SVC MAIN CIRCUITS 524
FEATURES OF CONSITUTING UNITS 525
FUNDAMENTAL CONTROL FUNCTION 525
RESULTS OF SIMULATED STUDIES 527
RESULTS OF EFFECTIVENESS VERIFICATION 528
CONCLUSION 528
REFERENCES 528
CHAPTER 86. OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATICVOLTAGE REGULArrOR FORSTATIC VAR SYSTEMS 530
INTRODUCTION 530
STATIC VAR SYSTEMS 531
MODEL STRUCTURE AND CONTROL OF SVS 531
SIMULATION OF THE STATIC VAR SYSTEM 532
CONCLUSION 534
BIBLIOGRAPHY 534
APPENDIX 535
PART 24: SYSTEM OPERATOR TRAINING 536
CHAPTER 87. OPERATOR TRAINING USING PLANNED INCIDENTS IN THE POWER SYSTEM 536
INTRODUCTION 536
SUMMARY OF PROBLEM 537
CLOSING REMARK 539
CHAPTER 88. POWER SYSTEM SIMULATOR FOR REALISTIC DISPATCHER TRAINING 540
INTRODUCTION 540
SYSTEM SOLUTION 541
NETWORK SIMULATOR 542
SEQUENCE OF TRAINING 543
CONCLUSIONS 544
REFERENCES 544
PART 25: POWER SYSTEM SIMULATORS 546
CHAPTER 89. DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PRECISION POWERSYSTEM SIMULATOR 546
INTRODUCTION 546
CONFIGURATION OF SIMULATOR 546
DEVELOPEMENT OF ELEMENT MODEL 547
SIMULATION AND SOFTWARE 549
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 550
CONCLUSION 551
REFERENCES 551
CHAPTER 90. FAST DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF POWER SYSTEMS USING MULTIPLE MICROCOMPUTERS 552
INTRODUCTION 552
SYSTEM MODELLING 553
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 554
HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION 554
INTEGRATION ALGORITHM 554
COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS 555
REFERENCES 555
AUTHOR INDEX 558
KEYWORD INDEX 560
SYMPOSIA VOLUMES 564
WORKSHOP VOLUMES 565